Anatomy Lecture Exam 2

Front 1

nonliving fluid matrix of blood

Back 1

plasma (55%)

Front 2

living blood cells in blood

Back 2

formed elements (45%)

Front 3

What makes up the buffy coat?

Back 3

Leukocytes and platelets (<1%)

Front 4

slip out of capillary blood vessel to area of body where needed to mount response

Back 4

diapedesis

Front 5

form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that move them through tissue spaces

Back 5

amoeboid motion

Front 6

follow a chemical trail released by damaged cells or other leukocytes

Back 6

positive chemotaxis

Front 7

increased production of leukocytes

Back 7

leukocytosis

Front 8

functioning part of a cell

Back 8

granules

Front 9

bacteria slayers; 50-70%; active phagocyte

Back 9

neutrophil

Front 10

cells metabolize oxygen to produce germ-killer oxidizing substances

Back 10

respiratory burst

Front 11

2-4 %; attack parasitic worms too large to be phagocytized; role in allergies and asthma

Back 11

eosinophil

Front 12

0.5-1 %; histamine; large granules

Back 12

basophil

Front 13

inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other leukocytes

Back 13

histamine

Front 14

25%; mostly located in lymphoid tissues; immunity

Back 14

lymphocyte

Front 15

attack and act directly against infected cells

Back 15

t-lymphocytes

Front 16

make plasma cells that make antibodies (identify foreign substances)

Back 16

B-lymphocytes

Front 17

3-8%; leave bloodstream and become highly mobile macrophages; phagocytic against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, chronic infections; activate lymphocytes

Back 17

monocyte

Front 18

production of leukocytes; stimulated by chemical messengers released from bone marrow or mature leukocytes

Back 18

leukopoiesis

Front 19

whole blood with plasma and leukocytes removed; to restore oxygen-carrying capactiy

Back 19

packed red cells

Front 20

_____% loss of blood volume can be fatal

Back 20

>30%

Front 21

highly specific glycoprotein and glycolipid markers on plasma membrane of cells; perceived as foreign and generates an immune response

Back 21

antigen

Front 22

antigens on plasma membrane of erythrocytes; can cause agglutination (clumping) if transfuse mis-matched blood types

Back 22

agglutinogens

Front 23

pre-formed antibodies to agglutinogens not on cells

Back 23

agglutinins

Front 24

What is the universal donor?

Back 24

O

Front 25

What is the universal recipient?

Back 25

AB

Front 26

Rh- mother carrying Rh+ baby produces Rh agglutinins after delivery, Rh erythrocytes of baby is attacked by mother's Rh agglutinins

Back 26

hemolytic disease of the newborn

Front 27

patient pre donates own blood, stored and immediately available if needed during operation

Back 27

autologous transfusions

Front 28

occurs when mismatched blood is infused; recipient's plasma agglutinins attach donor's erythrocytes

Back 28

transfusion reaction

Front 29

What are the functions of blood?

Back 29

distribution (oxygen from lungs, hormones), regulation (body temp, pH), and protection (prevent blood loss, prevent infection)

Front 30

protein; binds easily and reversible with oxygen

Back 30

hemoglobin

Front 31

protein of 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta)

Back 31

globin

Front 32

red pigment; rink-like with iron (Fe) at center

Back 32

4 Heme

Front 33

each hemoglobin can carry ____ oxygen molecules

Back 33

4

Front 34

blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow;

Back 34

hematopoiesis

Front 35

source of all formed elements; undifferentiated; not specialized yet

Back 35

hematopoietic stem cell

Front 36

erythrocyte production (takes about 15 days)

Back 36

erythropoiesis

Front 37

descendent of hematopoietic stem cell

Back 37

myeloid stem cell

Front 38

what is the order of erythrocyte productoin

Back 38

1. stem cell

2. proerythroblast

3. basophilic erythroblast (ribosomes)

4. polychromatic erythroblast (hemoglobin made)

5. orthochromatic erythroblast

6. reticulocyte (nucleus and organelles ejected)

Front 39

hormone produced mainly by kidneys; stimulates formation of erythrocytes

Back 39

erythropoietin (EPO)

Front 40

Talk through the five steps of maintaining homeostasis for normal blood oxygen levels

Front 41

blood's oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism

Back 41

anemia

Front 42

destruction of bone marrow

Back 42

aplastic anemia

Front 43

lack of EPO

Back 43

renal anemia

Front 44

problems with vitamin B12 absorption

Back 44

pernicious anemia

Front 45

too many red blood cells destroyed

Back 45

hemolytic anemia

Front 46

glob in chain absent or faulty; erythrocytes are thin, delicate; deficient in hemoglobin

Back 46

thalassemias

Front 47

abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increase blood viscosity and fuse it to flow sluggishly

Back 47

polycythemia

Front 48

bone marrow cancer; very high erythrocyte count impairs circulation

Back 48

polycythemia vera

Front 49

hormone that regulates formation of platelets

Back 49

thrombopoietin

Front 50

repeatedly divides but not cytokinesis (large)

Back 50

megakaryoblast

Front 51

ext. large with multi lobed nucleus; cytoplasmic extensions rupture as squeeze through capillary

Back 51

megakaryocyte

Front 52

What are the steps of hemostasis when blood vessel wall breaks and needs to stop bleeding

Back 52

1. Vascular spasm

2. Platelet plug formation

3. Coagulation

Front 53

What is secreted by endothelial cells to prevent stickiness in undamaged tissue?

Back 53

nitric oxide and prostacyclin

Front 54

plasma protein; stabilizes collagen fibers; promotes them to be sticky

Back 54

Von Willebrand factor

Front 55

What do platelets release during platelet plug formation?

Back 55

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and serotonin and thromboxame

Front 56

receives oxygen poor blood from body; pumps to lungs

Back 56

right side of the heart

Front 57

receives oxygen rich blood from lungs; pumps to body

Back 57

left side of heart

Front 58

functions of the fibrous pericardium

Back 58

protect, anchor, and prevent overfilling

Front 59

ventricle vessel junction; prevent back flow into ventricles when ventricles relax

Back 59

semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)

Front 60

prevent back flow into atria when ventricles contract

Back 60

atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid)

Front 61

valve flaps stiffen and constricts opening; heart muscle must exert more force to pump blood

Back 61

valvular stenosis

Front 62

valves don't close properly and blood back flows; heart rep umps same blood over and over

Back 62

incompetent valve

Front 63

arise from base of aorta; deliver blood when heart is relaxed

Back 63

coronary arteries

Front 64

collects blood from capillary beds in myocardium

Back 64

coronary veins

Front 65

enlarged vessel cardiac veins join and form; empties into right atrium

Back 65

coronary sinus

Front 66

thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium; myocardial cells weakened but do not die

Back 66

angina pectoris

Front 67

heart attack; prolonged coronary blockage; cells die and are replaced with non contractile scar tissue (can't make tap or function)

Back 67

myocardial infarction

Front 68

autorhythmic; noncontracile cells making up the intrinsic conduction system

Back 68

cardiac pacemaker cells

Front 69

spontaneously changing membrane potentials

Back 69

pacemaker potentials (prepotentials)

Front 70

depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles

Back 70

purkinje fibers

Front 71

SA node is defective and abnormal pacemaker appears and takes over pacing of heart

Back 71

ectopic focus

Front 72

75 bpm

Back 72

SA node

Front 73

40-60 bpm

Back 73

AV node

Front 74

damage to AV node that interferes with ability of ventricles to receive pacing impulses

Back 74

heart block

Front 75

myocardium behaves as a single coordinated unit

Back 75

functional synctium

Front 76

What are the steps in contraction of cardiac muscle fibers?

Back 76

1. depolarization ( fast votage-gated Na channels)

2. plateau (Ca influx through slow Ca channels and few K channels are open)

3. repolarization (Ca channels inactivate; K channels opening and K leaves) (back down to -95 mV)

Front 77

long period of inexcitability; protective mechanism; letting repolarization finish

Back 77

absolute refractory period

Front 78

av valves closing

Back 78

lub

Front 79

semilunar valves closing

Back 79

dup

Front 80

maximum amount of blood in the ventricles

Back 80

end diastolic volume

Front 81

what is average EDV

Back 81

120 ml

Front 82

ventricles completely closed; constant blood volume

Back 82

isovolumetric contraction phase

Front 83

blood left remaining in ventricles

Back 83

end systolic volume

Front 84

When do the semilunar valves close?

Back 84

during ventricular diastole

Front 85

aortic pressure briefly rises

Back 85

dicrotic notch

Front 86

total heart relaxation

Back 86

isovolumetric relaxation or quiescent period (same thing)

Front 87

amt of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute

Back 87

cardiac output

Front 88

what is the equation for cardiac output?

Back 88

HR x SV

Front 89

col of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

Back 89

stroke volume

Front 90

what is normal cardiac output?

Back 90

5.25 L/min

Front 91

what is equation for stroke volume

Back 91

EDV - ESV

Front 92

what is avg end systolic volume

Back 92

50 ml/beat

Front 93

what is normal stroke volume

Back 93

70 ml/beat

Front 94

increase contractility; epinephrine, thyroxine, glucagon, ect.

Back 94

positive inotropic agents

Front 95

impair or decrease contractility; acidosis (too much hydrogen)

Back 95

negative inotropic agents

Front 96

factors that inc heart rate

Back 96

positive chronotropic agents

Front 97

factors that decrease heart rate

Back 97

negative chronotropic agents

Front 98

causes pacemaker to fire more rapidly and increases calcium levels in contractile cells

Back 98

norepinephrine

Front 99

hyperpolarizes pacemaker cells by opening K channels (makes cell more neg)

Back 99

acetylcholine

Front 100

from thyroid gland; increases heart rate and enhances effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine

Back 100

thyroxine

Front 101

reduced Ca levels; depresses heart

Back 101

hypocalcemia

Front 102

excessive K alters electrical activity; heart block and cardiac arrest

Back 102

hyperkalemia

Front 103

low k; feeble heartbeat; arrhythmia

Back 103

hypokalemia

Front 104

abnormally fast heartbeat; >100 bpm

Back 104

tachycardia

Front 105

heart rate slower than 60 bpm

Back 105

bradycardia

Front 106

fatty buildup clogs coronary arteries; inefficient delivery of blood; heart is hypoxic (starved)

Back 106

coronary atherosclerosis

Front 107

after load chronically elevated; ESV rises; myocardium becomes progressively weaker

Back 107

persistent high blood pressure

Front 108

ventricles stretch and become flabby; heart enlarges

Back 108

dilated cardiomyopathy

Front 109

left side fails; blood backs up in the lungs; fluid begins to leak into lung tissue

Back 109

pulmonary congestion

Front 110

right side fails; blood stagnates in body organs; fluid leaks into tissue spaces; cells can't obtain oxygen and nutrients

Back 110

peripheral congestion

Front 111

deliver blood to specific organs; thickest tunica media; vasocontriction

Back 111

muscular arteries

Front 112

smallest; think tunica intima only; site of exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid

Back 112

capillaries

Front 113

smooth-muscle like cells that stabilize wall and control permeability

Back 113

pericytes

Front 114

leaky capillary; fewer tight junctions; larger intercellular clefts; fenestrated

Back 114

sinusoid capillaries

Front 115

gaps of unjoined membrance

Back 115

intercellular clefts

Front 116

flow through a capillary bed from arteriole to venule

Back 116

microcirculation

Front 117

what is the capillary bed composed of?

Back 117

1. vascular shunt

2. true capillaries

Front 118

formed by uniting venues; 3 distinct tunics; walls are thinner and lumens larger than arteries

Back 118

veins

Front 119

veins can hold up to ______% body's blood supply

Back 119

65%

Front 120

____ doesn't have anastomoses

Back 120

retina

Front 121

special interconnections; provided collateral changed (alt. pathways) for blood to reach a given region

Back 121

vascular anastomoses

Front 122

arteries supplying the same territory merge

Back 122

arterial anastomoses

Front 123

metarteriole-thoroughfare channel shunts of capillary beds

Back 123

arteriovenous anastomoses

Front 124

venous anastomoses

Back 124

common; interconnections of veins

Front 125

force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood (mmHg)

Back 125

blood pressure

Front 126

what are the three sources of resistance?

Back 126

1. blood viscosity

2. total blood vessel length

3. blood vessel diameter

Front 127

irregular fluid motion; increases resistance

Back 127

turbulent flow

Front 128

speed and position of fluid in diff. regions of tube remains constant

Back 128

laminar flow

Front 129

most resistance comes from _____

Back 129

arterioles

Front 130

blood flow is ______ proportional to difference in blood pressure between two points in circulation

Back 130

directly

Front 131

blood flow is _______ proportional to peripheral resistance in the systemic circulation

Back 131

inversely

Front 132

pressure peak generated by ventricular contraction

Back 132

systolic pressure

Front 133

lowest aortic pressure

Back 133

diastolic pressure

Front 134

what is average pulse pressure?

Back 134

systolic - diastolic = 40 mmHg

Front 135

further away from heart, the ______ the pressure

Back 135

lower

Front 136

what is the equation for MAP?

Back 136

diastolic + pulse pressure

________________

3

Front 137

do capillaries and veins have high or low pressure?

Back 137

low

Front 138

respond to increase in CO2, decrease in O2, or pH levels in blood

Back 138

chemoreceptors

Front 139

generated by renin released from kidneys when low blood pressure or volume; stimulates intense vasoconstriction

Back 139

angiotensin II

Front 140

from heart atria; generalized vasodilation

Back 140

atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 141

from hypothalamus; causes intense vasoconstriction

Back 141

antidiuretic hormone

Front 142

alters blood volume independently of hormones

Back 142

direct renal mechanism

Front 143

enhances renal absorption of sodium and water; stimulates sensation of thirst

Back 143

indirect renal mechanism

Front 144

vasoconstrictors

Back 144

endothelins

Front 145

vasodilator

Back 145

nitric oxide

Front 146

number of blood vessels in region increases and existing blood vessels enlarge

Back 146

angiogenesis

Front 147

intermittent flow through capillary networks due to on/off opening and closing of precapillary spincters in response to local auto regulatory controls

Back 147

vasomotion

Front 148

force of fluid pressing against wall (push)

Back 148

hydrostatic pressure

Front 149

created by large nondiffusible molecules (pull)

Back 149

colloid osmotic pressure

Front 150

what is the equation for net filtration pressure?

Back 150

NFP = (HPc + OPif) - (HPif - OPc)

Front 151

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

Back 151

lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes

Front 152

what are the functions of the lymphatic system

Back 152

1. returns excess tissue fluid into the bloodstream

2. returns leaked proteins to the blood

3. carry absorbed fat from the intestine to the blood

Front 153

elaborate networks of drainage vessels that collect excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream; one way system; from capillaries to the heart

Back 153

lymphatic vessels

Front 154

blind-ended; weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries in loose connective tissues of body; very permeable; helps regulate fluid volume

Back 154

lymphatic capillaries

Front 155

main defense cells of immune system; protect body against antigens

Back 155

lymphocytes

Front 156

produce plasma cells; secrete antibodies that mark antigens for destruction

Back 156

b cells

Front 157

phagocytize foreign substances and help activate t cells

Back 157

macrophages

Front 158

capture antigens and bring to lymph nodes

Back 158

dendritic cells

Front 159

fibroblast-like; produce fiber network to support other cells in lymphoid organs and tissues

Back 159

reticular cells

Front 160

loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and reticular fibers; in almost every body organ

Back 160

diffuse lymphoid tissue

Front 161

solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

Back 161

lymphoid follicles

Front 162

proliferating b cells (dividing)

Back 162

germinal centers

Front 163

site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response; cleanses blood; stores platelets and monocytes

Back 163

spleen

Front 164

important during early years of life; functions only in t lymphocyte maturation

Back 164

thymus

Front 165

deeply invaginating epithelium to trap bacteria and particles; allows immune system to build memory

Back 165

tonsillar crypts

Front 166

large clusters of lymphoid follicles in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine

Back 166

peyer's patches

Front 167

tubular offshoot of first part of large intestine with many lymphoid follicles

Back 167

appendix

Front 168

what are the three phases of coagulation?

Back 168

1. formation of prothrombin activator

2. prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin

3. thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen to fibrin

Front 169

is extrinsic or intrinsic pathway during coagulation phase 1 faster?

Back 169

extrinsic

Front 170

activated platelets carry ______ charge

Back 170

negative

Front 171

common intermediate where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways meet

Back 171

factor X (ten)

Front 172

catalyzes conversion of plasma protein prothrombin to active enzyme thrombin

Back 172

prothrombin activator

Front 173

crosslinks fibrin strands tightly together and forms mesh during coagulation phase 3

Back 173

factor XIII (13)

Front 174

platelets contract and pull fibrin strands squeezing serum (plasma without clotting proteins)

Back 174

clot retraction

Front 175

released by platelets; stimulates rebuilding of vessel wall

Back 175

platelet-derived growth factor

Front 176

removes unneeded clots after healing

Back 176

fibrinolysis

Front 177

fibrin-digesting enzyme; produced when plasma protein plasminogen is activated

Back 177

plasmin

Front 178

inhibits thrombin by enhancing antithrombin III

Back 178

heparin

Front 179

inactivates thrombin not bound to fibrin

Back 179

antithrombin III

Front 180

clot develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel

Back 180

thrombus

Front 181

thrombus breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream

Back 181

embolus

Front 182

obstructs blood vessel

Back 182

embolism

Front 183

interferes with vitamin K action in production of clotting factors

Back 183

warfarin (coumadin)