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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the three types of nerve fibers that constitute the cranial nerves?
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sensory, motor, and parasympathetic
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what is the effector organ for cranial nerve 3 (occulomotor)?
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smooth muscle of eyes
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what is the function of the cranial nerve 3 (occulomotor)?
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contract sphincter papillae of iris (pupils contract) and contract muscles of ciliary body (lens budge)
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what is the effector organ of cranial nerve 7 (facial)?
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nasal, lacrimal, sublingual, and submandibular glands of head
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what is the function of cranial nerve 7 (facial)?
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stimulate secretions
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what is the effector organ of cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal)?
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parotid and other glands anterior to ear
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what is the function of cranial nerve 9 (glossopharyngeal)?
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stimulate secretions
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what is the effector organ of 90% of all preganglionic fibers?
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cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, oesophageal plexus, and abdomina plexus
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slow heart rate
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cardiac plexus
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constrict bronchi and stimulate mucus secretions
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pulmonary plexus
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increase motility, relax sphincters and increase flow of digestive juices
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oesophageal plexus and abdomina plexus
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length of fibers in parasympathetic: _________ preganglionic and _________ postganglionic
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long; short
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there are _______ cranial nerves in humans
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12
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what is the function of cranial nerve I (olfactory)
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smell
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what is the function of cranial nerve 2 (optic)?
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vision
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what is the function of cranial nerve IV (trochlear)?
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eye muscles (superior oblique)
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what is the function of cranial nerve V (trigeminal) (V1 (ophthalmic), V2 (maxillary), and V3 (mandibular)?
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general sensory and chewing muscles
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what is the function of cranial nerve VI (abducens)?
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eye muscles (lateral rectus)
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what is the function of cranial nerve VII (facial)
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taste and facial muscles
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what is the function of cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear)?
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hearing/balance and sensitivity setting
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what is the function of cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal)?
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taste and tongue/pharynx
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what is the function of cranial nerve X (vagus)?
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taste and visceral
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what is the function of cranial nerve XI (accessory)?
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neck
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what is the function of cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal)?
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tongue
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which cranial nerves are in parasympathetic?
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cranial nerve III, VII, IX, and X
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cranial nerve I - site of exit from cranium and site of exit at effector region
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cribiform plate
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cranial nerve II - site of exit from cranium and site of exit at effector region
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optic canal of orbit
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cranial nerve III - site of exit from cranium and site of exit at effector region
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superior orbital fissure
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cranial nerve IV - site of exit from cranium and site of exit at effector region
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superior orbital fissure
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cranial nerve V1 - site of exit from cranium
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superior orbital fissure
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cranial nerve V1 - site of exit at effector region
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supraorbital foramen
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cranial nerve V2 - site of exit from cranium
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foramen rotundum
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cranial nerve V2 - site of exit at effector region
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infraorbital foramen
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cranial nerve V3 - site of exit from cranium
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foramen ovale
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cranial nerve V3 - site of exit at effector region
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mental foramen
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cranial nerve VI - site of exit from cranium and site of exit at effector region
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superior orbital fissure
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cranial nerve VII - site of exit from cranium
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internal acoustic meatus
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cranial nerve VII - site of exit at effector region
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stylomastoid foramen
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cranial nerve VIII - site of exit from cranium and site of exit at effector region
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internal acoustic meatus
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cranial nerve IX - site of exit from cranium and site of exit at effector region
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jugular foramen
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cranial nerve X - site of exit from cranium and site of exit at effector region
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jugular foramen
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cranial nerve XI - site of exit from cranium and site of exit at effector region
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jugular foramen
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cranial nerve XII - site of exit from cranium and site of exit at effector region
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hypoglossal canal
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is the function of the olfactory nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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purely sensory
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is the function of the optic nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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purely sensory
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is the function of the oculomotor nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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primarily motor
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is the function of the trochlear nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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primarily motor
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is the function of the trigeminal nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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mixed; sensory and motor
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is the function of the abducens nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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motor
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is the function of the facial nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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mixed; motor, parasympathetic, and sensory
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is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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purely sensory
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is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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mixed; motor, sensory, and parasympathetic
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is the function of the vagus nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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mixed; motor, sensory, and parasympathetic
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is the function of the accessory nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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mixed but primarily motor in function
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is the function of the olfactory nerve sensory, motor, or parasympathetic?
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mixed but primarily motor in function
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how many branches does the trigeminal (V) nerve have?
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three; V1 (ophthalmic) V2 (maxillary) and V3 (mandibular)
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how many branches does the facial (VII) nerve have?
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six; temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical, and poster auricular
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elevates eye and turns it laterally
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inferior oblique
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cranial nerve that supplies the inferior oblique
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oculomotor
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adducting eyes
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superior rectus, middle rectus, and inferior rectus
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cranial nerve supplying superior, middle, and inferior rectus
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oculomotor
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abducting eyes
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lateral rectus
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cranial nerve supplying the lateral rectus
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abducens nerve
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depress and medially rotate eye
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superior oblique
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what cranial nerve supplies the superior oblique
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trochlear nerve
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retracts and elects eyelid
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levator palpebrae superioris
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which cranial nerve supplies the levator palpebral superioris?
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oculomotor
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the taste buds are innervated by which three cranial nerves?
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facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve
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anterior 2/3rd tongue
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facial nerve
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posterior ⅓ tongue
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glossopharyngeal nerve
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epiglottis
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vagus nerve
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the nerve responsible for balance and hearing
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vestibulocochlear
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rapid movement/quivering of the eyeballs
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nystagmus
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which nerves have parasympathetic fibers?
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oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
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monitors the external environment; outside the body |
exteroreceptors |
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monitors stretch receptors (in walls of hollow organs) inside the body |
interoreceptors |
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monitors internal environment (body movement and position; inside the body (esp. musculoskeletal) |
propriaceptors |
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general senses (free nerve endings and simple encapsulated nerve endings) (muscle, skin) |
simple receptors |
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serve the special senses (vision, hearing, smell, and taste) |
complex receptors |
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which tracts are motor? |
lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts; rubrospinal tract |
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which tracts are sensory? |
lateral and ventral spinothalamic tract |
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function of the frontal lobe |
motor, prob. solving, memory, language, judgement, seocial |
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function of the temporal lobe |
auditory perception |
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function of the insula |
assists in motor function |
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function of parietal lobe |
sensation and perception |
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function of occipital lobe |
visual processing center |
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impulses traveling from the body's sensory receptors are located in ___________ |
postcentral gyri |
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responsible for conscious or voluntary movement |
precentral gyri |
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houses a meningeal branch for V3 |
foramina spinosum |
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the route of the internal carotid artery |
carotid canal + foramen lacerum |
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_____ pathways tend to have more neurons than _________ |
sensory; motor |
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"crossing over" |
decussation |
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intrinsic reflexes; rapid and predictable; generally a motor response to stimulus; involunatry; component: spinal reflex |
inborn reflex arc |
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practice; reptition; components: far more complex (higher brain centers) |
learned reflex arcs |
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what are the 5 components of a reflex |
1. receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. integration center 4. motor neuron 5. effector organ |
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1 synapse |
monosynaptic reflex |
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more than 1 synapse |
polysynaptic reflex |
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activating skeletal muscle |
somatic reflex |
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activating viscera |
autonomic reflex |
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cause muscle contraction in response to increase in muscle length; usually monosynaptic; ipsilateral |
stretch reflex |
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modified muscle cell; associated with sensory nerves; sensitive to stretch |
muscle spindle |
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purely polysynaptic; all about muscle movement in response to tension |
golgi tendon reflex |
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what happens during golgi tendon reflex? |
antagonistic muscle excited; contracting muscle inhibited |
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stim. by gentle cutaneous action; shows function of upper motor pathways and cord-level reflexes |
superficial reflexes |
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what are the conn. tissue elements of a peripheral nerve |
epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium |
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in CNS and ganglia of PNS; transmit messages from one part of body to another |
neuron |
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in CNS; support cell; control chemical environment |
astrocyte |
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in CNS; phagocytes |
microglia |
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in CNS; produce cerebral spinal fluid |
ependymal |
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in CNS; myelinated the extension of neurons |
oligodendrocytes |
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in PNS; cover nerve cell bodies; control of sympathetic ganglia |
satellite |
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in PNS; myelinated the extenions of neurons |
schwann cell |
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which nerves are purely sensory |
dorsal |
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which nerves are purely motor |
ventral |
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which nerves are mixed sensory and motor |
spinal nerves |
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how many cervical nerves are there? |
8 |
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region where the spinal cord terminates (L1-L2) |
conus medularris |
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collection of spinal nerves passing through inferior end of vertebral canal |
cauda equinae |
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fibrous extension of the pia mater; gives longitudinal support to spinal cord |
filum terminale |
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what are the three plexuses? |
cervical, brachial, and lumbosacral |
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the thoracolumbar region as _____ preganglionic and _____ postganglionic fibers |
short; long |
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nerves involved to stimulate sweat; constrict BV; hair on end |
T1-L3 |
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nerves involved to contract radial muscles of iris (dilate pupil); decrease salivary secretions; innervate SM of eyelid |
T1-T4 |
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nerves involved in cardiac plexus (inc. hr) and pulm. plexus (dilate bronchioles) |
T1-T6 |
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nerves involved in general inhibition; release glucagon from liver |
T5-T10 |
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nerves involved in inhibitory for rest of digestive tract; vasoconstriction and uterine contraction |
T5-L2 |
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nerves involved in secreting adrenaline and noradrenaline |
T6-L2 |
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ascending pathways are |
sensory |
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descending pathways are |
motor |
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what are the steps of regeneration of a neuron if in PNS? |
1. after crushed, 2 ends seal themselves off 2. cleaning (phagocytes phagocytize debris) 3.formation of complete schwann cell sheath 4. finish |
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is there regeneration if damage to the CNS neurons? and why? |
NO; b/c oligodendrocytes have growth inhibiting proteins and astrocytes make scar tissue |
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function of medial melniscal pathway |
fine touch (light/tough discrimination) |
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function of lateral spinothalamic pathway |
coarse touch, pain, temperature, sensation, and "sensations" (odd things) |
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function of dorsal spinocerebellar pathway |
noticing muscle/tendon stretch |
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function of lateral corticospinal pathway (motor) |
fast and fine skilled movement |
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function of central corticospinal pathway (motor) |
fast and fine skilled movement |
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function of rubospinal tract |
balance and posture; coarse movement and head and neck to follow eye movement; muscle tone and distal limb musculature |
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virus that targets your central horn; paralyzed |
poliomyeitis |
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targets ventral horn and pyramidal tracts (fine control issues_ |
lou gehrigs disease |
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when intraocular pressure reaches dangerously high levels the retina and optic nerve are compressed |
glaucoma |
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lens becomes increasingly hard and opaque; cause vision to become hazy or entirely obstructed |
cataract |
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a fault in the development of one or more cones |
color blindness |
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retina pulls away from layer of blood vessels |
detachment of retina |
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eyeball too short; focal point before the focal plane |
myopic |
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eyeball too long; focal point after the focal place |
hyperopic |
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which lens corrects a myopic eye |
concave; bends light in opp. direction |
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which lens corrects a hyperopic eye |
convex lens; bends light in |
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optic nerve lesion |
blind in one eye, but can still see from left and right |
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optic chiasm severed |
will lose peripheral vision; only can see whats right in front of you |
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optic tract severed |
can only see from one side |
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photoreceptor region; very sensitive to light; dim light/peripheral vision; visual pigment = grey |
rods |
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bright lights; low sensitivity; high acquit; color vision; high resolution; cannot see good in dim light |
cones |
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absorb blue |
cone 1 |
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absorb green |
cone 2 |
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absorb red |
cone 3 |
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can focus in order to see fine detail; only cones |
fovea centralis |
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normal state for eyes; all muscles are relaxed |
distance vision |
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requires efforts; eye has to make adjustments; accommodation of lens, constriction of pupils, and convergence of eyeballs |
near vision |
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longevity of a nerve cell |
100 years |
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cannot undergo nuclear division |
amitotic |
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biosynthetic part of a neuron; makes a lot of stuff |
soma |
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cluster of soma called ______ in CNS |
nucleus |
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cluster of soma called ________ in PNS |
ganglion |
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bundles of processes called _______ in CNS |
tracts |
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bundles of processes called ________ in PNS |
nerves |
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what do axons rely on for proteins |
soma |
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most abundant neurons in body; motor neurons and interneurons; makes ap; has multiple processes |
mutipolar neuron |
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one dendrite and one axon; rarest neurons; special senses, vision auditory, olfactory; may not make AP (only one) |
bipolar neuron |
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mainly in PNS; dorsal root ganglion; sensory; makes AP |
unipolar |
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only holds chemically gated ion channels |
receptive region |
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gen. and transmitting AP; voltage gated ion channels |
conducting region |
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neurotransmitters; only voltage gated Ca2+ ion channels |
secretory region |
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supportive cells |
neuroglia |
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myelinated nerve fibers |
white matter |
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soma + unmyelinated nerve fibers |
grey matter |
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in spinal cord.... grey matter _______ and white matter _______ |
inside; outside
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in brain.... grey matter ________ and white matter _______ |
inside |
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meninges of spinal cord extend to _______ |
S2 |
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end of spinal cord at _____ |
L2/L3 |
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what is the epidural space filled with |
fat and network of veins |
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what is the order of layers in a histology slide of the retina? |
pigment cell, photoreceptor cell, bipolar cell, ganglionic cell |
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sensing chemicals; chemicals must be dissolved in a fluid; fluid source near by |
chemoreception |
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physical/nutritional support on smell diagram |
sustentacular cells |
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which series of cation channels open up once odorant binds to membrane of cilium? |
Na+ and Ca2+ |
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if open Na+ channels in olfactory.... |
depolarization (graded pot.) |
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if open Ca2+ channels in olfactory..... |
adaptation (getting used to smell) |
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which type of epithelium is the taste diagram |
stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium |
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complete adaptation of taste buds is..... |
1-2 min |
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taste transduction: moving of Na+ ions |
salt |
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taste transduction: acidic (H+) trigger opening of channels |
sour |
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G proteins and opening of Ca2+ ion channels |
sweet, bitter, umami |
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glutamate (beefy/tangy taste of cheese) |
umami |
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alkaloids (caffeine/morphine) |
biter |
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metal ions (NaCl) |
salty |
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____% of taste is really smell, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors |
80 |
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lack of functioning olfaction; results from head injuries, nasal cavity inflammations, and aging |
anosmia |
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macula is horizontal; hairs are vertical when upright; respond to acc. in the horizontal place and tilting of head; will bend if move in horiz. plane |
utricle |
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macula is in vertical plane; hairs are horizontal when upright; will bend if move in vertical place; adapt quickly; respond more to changes in velocity |
saccula |
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where are macula found? |
in walls of utricle and saccula |
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where are crista ampullares located? |
base of each semicircular canal in expanded region called an ampulla |
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how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have |
23 |
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unit of dna |
chromosome |
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chromosome that has replicated itself |
sister chromatids |
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pair of chromosomes that are similar but not identical |
homologs |
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homolog of sister chromosomes |
tetrad |
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has all 46 chromosomes |
diploid |
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has half the chromosomes (1 of each homolog) |
haploid |
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nuclear division (fission) that produces 2 identical cells |
mitosis |
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nuclear division that produces 4 haploid cells; takes twice as long |
meiosis |
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explain mitosis |
interphase: when chromosome replicates itself into 2 sister chromatids prophase I: tetrads form; nuclear envelope disintegrates metaphase I: tetrads align anaphase I: sister chromatids ripped apart telophase I: formation of 2 cells (diploids) |
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explain meiosis |
interphase: when chromosome replicates itself into 2 sister chromatids prophase I: tetrads form; nuclear envelope disintegrates metaphase I: homologs align anaphase I: homologs ripped apart telophase I: 2 non identical cells prophase II: nuclear envelope disintegrates metaphase II: chromosomes align anaphase II: chromatids are split telophase II: 4 haploid cells |
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lipid enzymes that make semen white |
serous |
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uterine stage days 4-14; ova are in follicles; straight glands and helical arteries and thickening of functional later |
follicular stage |
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after ovulation (5 min); days 15-28; uterus is thickening in preparation for implantation; thickening functional layer (a lot); secrete glycogen and produces tortuous vascular glands |
luteal stage |
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decimation of endometrium (cells die); sporadic constriction of helical arteries; any peripheral cells will die; blood wash out dead cells; leads to thinning of functional layer |
menstrual stage |
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located in tubule periphery; stem cell line |
spermatogonia |
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above spermatogonia; larger than spermatogonia |
primary spermatocytes |
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closest to lumen; lighter; undergone meiosis II |
spermatids |
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above primary spermatocytes; undergone meiosis I |
secondary spermatocytes |
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in lumen; "tails" |
spermatozoa |
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2 oocytes and 2 diff sperm |
non identical twins |
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1 oocyte and 1 sperm split |
identical twins |
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produces ATCH, TSH, GH, FSH, and PRL |
adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) |
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produces oxytocin and ADH |
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) |
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produces thyroid hormone and triiodothyronine |
thyroid |
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produces parathyroid hormone; on posterior surface of thyroid gland |
parathyroid |
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produces insulin and glucagon; in pancreas |
islets of langerhans |
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produces corticosteroids; on top of kidneys |
adrenal cortex |
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produces epinephrine and norepinephrine; on top of kidneys |
adrenal medulla |
