Spinal Cord Anatomy

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Parts of the nervous system

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Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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Functions of the nervous system

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Sensory input mental activity and motor Output

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The control center is?

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The central nervous system

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The central nervous system

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Is the control center for the entire nervous system. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and performs the function of integrating processing and coordinating sensory data and motor commands. The brain is responsible for intelligence memory learning and emotions. The brain is located in the cranial Vault of the skull the spinal cord is located in the vertebral Canal the brain and spinal cord are continuous with each other at the large opening in the skull called the foramen magnum.

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Peripheral nervous system

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Pns lies outside of the CNS it consist mainly of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to sensory receptors muscles and glands nerves connected to the brain are called cranial nerves nerves attached to the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.

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Spinal nerve location

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Vertebral canal

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Neurons

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They are nervous system cells that transmit information

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What are the organs of the nervous system

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The brain spinal cord and sensory receptors

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Functions of the nervous system

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They monitor internal and external stimuli and transmit information of an action potential they interpret and assess information and they maintain homeostasis

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What happens to a nerve when an electrical impulse stops?

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It relaxes

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Supporting cells of the nervous system are?

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Nueroglia

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Afferent PNS

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It brings since we information to CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs The receptors are sensory structures that either detect changes in the internal environment or respond to the presence of specific stimuli these structures arranged From Slender cytoplasmic extensions of single cells called complex organs and The receptors maybe neurons are specialized cells of other tissues.

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Efferent PNS

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The efferent division of the pns carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles glands these Target organs which respond by doing something are called effectors.

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Automatic nervous system

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The visceral motor system it allows and voluntary control of smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands and visceral internal Sensations and they also conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors of the internal organs and blood vessels to the CNS keeping the CNS informed about events inside the body.

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Somatic nervous system

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Consists of sensory and motor neurons and they conduct nerve impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle stimulating the muscle to contract.

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Voluntary contractions

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Under conscious control

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Involuntary contractions

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Controlled at subconscious level.

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The automatic nervous sytem

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Has 2 sets of neurons in a nervous system

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The division of the nervous system that consists mainly of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to sensory receptors muscles and glands is the.

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PNS

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Match : Central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, peripheral nervous system,

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Cns- brain, autonomic nervous system-sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, peripheral- spinal nerves and sensory and motor divisions

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Which is responsible for problem solving?

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CNS

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Control system for entire Nervous system?

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CNS

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Central nervous system

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Is the site for processing information.

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Parts of a neuron

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Cellbody, cell membrane, Dendrites, Node of Ranvier, Myelin Sheath, Oligodendrocyte, Axon,Synapse

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Neuroglia

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Supporting cells of the nervous system. Most can divide. They are more numerous than nuerons. Each division of the nervous system has its own set of Neuroglial cells. Also called Glial or Glia cells.

They are the non nueronal cells of the CNS and PNS.

The CNS has 4 types of Neuroglial: astrocytes, Oligodendrocyte, microglia and ependymal cells

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White matter is composed of

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Bundles of myelinated axons

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Neuroglial cell is a major component of the blood brain barrier is....

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An astrocyte

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Match: microglia, atrocytes, oligodendrocytes

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neuron cell body, astrocytes- blood brain barrier, Oligodendrocyte-form Myelin sheath, ependymal cells- produce cerebral spinal fluid.

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Schwann Cells Vs Oligodendrocyte

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Scgwanna cells form a Myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon while Oligodendrocyte-form can sureons portions of several axons

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Microglia are?

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Phagocytic cells in the CNS

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What is false regarding neuroglia

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That the neuroglia produce action potentials for skeletal muscles

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The blood-brain barrier does what?

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And protect neurons from toxic substances in the blood.

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If you cut bundles of axons and a myelin sheath in the pns you cut what?

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The nerves.

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Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheath in the CNS are destroyed which of the following neuroglial cells are being damaged in multiple sclerosis?

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Oligodendrocyte

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Gap Junctions or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called?

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Nodes of Ranvier

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A neuroglial cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the?

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Astrocyte

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Protein synthesis in nuerons occurs in??

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Cell bodies or somas

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Neurons in the skin responsible for detecting pain are?

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Unipolar

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Nuerons that have a single axon and dedeite are ?

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Bipolar

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Types of membrane channels and functions

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chemically regulated channels: they open or closed when they bind specific chemicals chemically regulated channels are most abundant on the dendrites and cell bodies of a neuron the areas where most synaptic communication occurs.

Voltage regulated channels are characteristics of areas of excitable membrane the membrane capable of generating and conducting an action potential voltage regulated channels open or close in response to changes in the transmembrane potential the most important voltage regulator channels in the nervous system are voltage regulated sodium channels potassium channels and calcium channels sodium channels function a little differently from the calcium Gates we studied earlier that have two gates that function independently

Mechanically regulated channels open or close in response to physical Distortion of the membrane surface such channels are important and sensory receptors that respond to touch pressure or vibration.

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Neuron

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Long lived does not regenerate vs neurolglia: short lived; can regenerate.

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Action potential

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The charge reversal and return to it's resting levels.

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Depolarization

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When the inside or a cell becomes more positive.

During depolarization of the plasma membrane sodium ions move rapidly into the cell

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Threshold value

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Many more sodium channels open and the inside of the cell membrane becomes positive relative to the outside of the membrane.

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Local potential

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Increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength.

A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small is called local potential.

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Each voltage-gated NA+ ion channel has two voltage sensitive gate and activation gate and it in activation cake which of the following would occur during depolarization?

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Both activation and inactivation gates are open

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Charge difference across the membrane

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The membrane potential is more positive.

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Nodes of Ranvier

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Located at the end of Myelin Sheath

They are gaps or interruptions in Myelin sheath.

It's important to the way that electrical signals travel down the axon.

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Synapse

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Gap between nerve cells or between a nerve cells

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Resting membrane potential

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With the ions distributed across the membrane at these concentrations the difference in charge is measured at -70 mV the value is described as the resting membrane potential.

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Receptor Types

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Metabotropoc receptor- involves a complex of proteins that result in metabolic changes within the cell the receptor complex includes the transmembrane receptor protein a g protein and an effective protein.

Nicotinic receptor- is found in the nmj as well as other synapses.

Muscarinic receptor- acetylcholine receptor.

Ionotropic receptor- is a channel that opens when the transmitter binds it.

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Resting membrane potential

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cell interior is negative (polarized)-resting neuron is not being stimulated-high to low concentration-70 mV potential difference from inside to outside cell-more K+ ions inside, more Na+ outside

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Acetylcholine

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Neurotransmitter that binds at a motor end-plate to trigger depolarization

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Resting membrane potential

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Distribution of charge across a cell membrane measured in millvolts (mV)

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Chemical synapse

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Connection between two neurons or between a neuron and its Target where neurotransmitter diffuses across of a short distance

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Voltage gated channel

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Open-close in response to changes in membrane.

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Post synaptic membrane

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Neuron transmitting electrical signal away from synapse.

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Resting membrane potential

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When ions distributed across the membrane at these concentrations the difference in charge is measured at -70 MV the value described as the resting membrane potential

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Synaptic cleft

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Small gap between cells in a chemical synapse where neurotransmitter diffuses from the presynaptic elements of the postsynaptic element

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Rigor mortis

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When last of ATP is used most muscle fibers will remain in a cross Bridge State and cause muscles to be rigid

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Sliding filament theory

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When signaled by motor neuron skeletal muscle fiber contracts as the Thin filaments are pulled and then slide past the thick filaments within fiber secretaries this process is known as the sliding filament model of muscle contraction sliding can only occur with myosin binding sites on the actin filaments are exposed the series of stems that begin with Ca++ entry in the sacromere

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Tetany

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Condition where muscles remain involuntary contraction

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Synaptic cleft

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Gap between action potential and presynaptic terminal.

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Neuromuscular Junction

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Motor nerve and muscle fiber site are motor neurons terminal meets the muscle fiber.

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Parts of muscle

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Muscle fibers, fascicle, perimysium,endomysium,epimysium,sacromere,myofibrils,tendon,sarcolemma,sarcoplasimc reticulum, actin, myosin.

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Atpase

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Enzymes that hydrolyze ATP to ADP

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All or none response

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Stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't

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Terminal cisternae

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Sac like regions of sarcoplasmic reticulum that contains calcium ions

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Acetylcholine (how,what, what does it do)

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Where: presynaptic terminal on nerve

What: binds to receptors if postsynaptic cell membrane of the muscle fiber the sarcolemna

How: it's released from presynaptic terminal by exocytosis process.

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T tubules and terminal cisternae

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The theme to Bill system as in contact with a specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum the circle play make reticulum Buster love of calcium ion the calcium is stored in this in this terminal cisternae the T tubules in the adjacent terminal cisternae is called the Triad.

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T tubules

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Invaginators of the sarcolemna that project deep into the cell.