Anatomy And Physiology, Skeletal System, Chapter 7 Seven

Front 1

Bones of adult skeleton are grouped into two principle divisions; 80 bones of the ______, and 126 bones of the _______

Back 1

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Front 2

vertical line that runs through the body's center of gravity, extending down through the head to the space bw the feet

Back 2

longitudinal axis

Front 3

the _________ consist of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones forming the girdles that connect limbs to axial skeleton

Back 3

appendicular

Front 4

Somewhat cube shaped. Spongy bone except for the surface; includes carpal bones (except for pisiform, which is sesamoid) and tarsal bones (except for calcaneous, which is irregular).

Back 4

short bones

Front 5

generally thin. Offer considerable protection and includes cranial bones, breast bone, ribs, scapulae

Back 5

flat bones

Front 6

complex shapes. Includes vertebra and some facial bones

Back 6

irregular bones

Front 7

develop in certain tendons where there is considerable stress and includes patellae

Back 7

sesamoid bones

Front 8

located in certain cranial bones

Back 8

sutural bones

Front 9

surface markings which form joints and allow passage of soft tissues such as blood vessels

Back 9

depressions and openings

Front 10

surface markings which are projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachments for connective tissue such as ligaments and tendons.

Back 10

processes

Front 11

narrow split between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels and nerves pass

Back 11

fissure

Ex- superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

Front 12

Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.

Back 12

foramen (hole)

Ex- optic foramen of sphenoid bone

Front 13

shallow depression

Back 13

Fossa (trench)

Ex- coronoid fossa of the humerus

Front 14

along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

Back 14

Sulcus (groove)

Ex- intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Front 15

Tubelike opening

Back 15

Meatus (passageway)

Ex- external auditory meatus of temporal bone

Front 16

Large round protuberance at the end of a bone

Back 16

Condyle (knuckle)

Ex- lateral condyle of the femur

Front 17

smooth flat articular surface

Back 17

Facet

Ex- superior articular facet of a vertebra

Front 18

rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone

Back 18

Head

Ex- head of the femur

Front 19

prominent ridge or elongated projection

Back 19

Crest

Ex- lliac crest of the hip bone

Front 20

projection above a condyle

Back 20

Epicondyle

Ex- Medial epicondyle of the femur

Front 21

Long, narrow ridge or border

Back 21

Line

Ex- linea aspera of the femur

Front 22

sharp, slender projection

Back 22

Spinous process

Ex- spinous process of vertebra

Front 23

very large projection

Back 23

Trochanter

Ex- greater trochanter of the femur

Front 24

small, rounded projection

Back 24

Tubercle (knob)

Ex- greater tubercle of the humerus

Front 25

large, rounded, usually roughened projection

Back 25

tuberosity

Ex- ischial tuberosity of the hip bone

Front 26

The _____ contains 22 bones, rests on superoir end of vertebral column, and has 2 sets of bones ______ and _____

Back 26

skull

cranial bones and facial bones

Front 27

The 8 cranial bones

Back 27

frontal, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone

Front 28

The 14 facial bones

Back 28

2 nasal, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, the mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer

Front 29

Immovable joints called ______ hold most of the skull bones together

Back 29

sutures

Front 30

forms the forehead, roof of orbits, and most of anterior cranial floor.

Back 30

frontal bone

Front 31

form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

Back 31

parietal bones

Front 32

form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of cranial floor.

Back 32

temporal bones

Front 33

the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and temporal process of zygomatic bone forms the ________

Back 33

zygomatic arch

Front 34

The ______ and ______ articulate with the _______ to form the TMJ

Back 34

mandibular fossa and articular tubercle

mandible

Front 35

inflammation of mastoid air cells

Back 35

mastoiditis

Front 36

rounded projection of mastoid portion of temporal bone which several neck muscles attach to

Back 36

mastoid process

Front 37

The internal auditory meatus is the opening through which ________ and ______ pass

Back 37

cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

Front 38

projects inferiorly from the inferior surface of the temporal bone and serves as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck

Back 38

styloid process

Front 39

opening in temporal bone which contains internal and middle ear, carotid and jugular foramina,

Back 39

petrous portion

Front 40

forms posterior part and most of base of cranium; contains foramen magnum

Back 40

occipital bone

Front 41

The occipital condyles articulate with the depressions on the first cervical vertebra (atlas) to form

Back 41

atlanto-occipital joint

Front 42

lies at middle part of base of skull. Keystone of the cranial floor because it articulates with all the other cranial bones, holding them together. Shape resembles bat with outstretched wings

Back 42

sphenoid bone

Front 43

The _______ lies in a portion of the sphenoid bone's sella turcica called the _____

Back 43

pituitary gland

hypophyseal fossa

Front 44

a light, sponge like bone located on the midline of the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to orbits. Contains conchae

Back 44

ethmoid bone

Front 45

The _______ unite to form the upper jawbone. They articulate with every bone in face except for mandible, and form most of the hard palate.

Back 45

Maxillae

Front 46

Failure of the palatine processes of maxillary bones to unite during development

Back 46

cleft palate

Front 47

smallest bones of face. Contain lacrimal fossa, which houses the ______, a structure that gathers tears and passes them into the nasal cavity

Back 47

Lacrimal bones

lacrimal sac

Front 48

forms the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity

Back 48

palatine bones

Front 49

All three pairs of nasal chonchae help swirl and filter air before it passes into the lungs, but only the ______ are involved in the sense of smell

Back 49

inferior nasal conchae

Front 50

roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity. Is part of the nasal septum

Back 50

Vomer

Front 51

largest, strongest facial bone; only movable skull bone other than auditory ossicles.

Back 51

Mandible

Front 52

characterized by dull pain around the ear, tenderness of jaw muscles, clicking or popping when opening or closing mouth, abnormal opening of mouth, headache, abnormal wearing of teeth.

Back 52

TMJ Syndrome

Front 53

Has 3 components- vomer, septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone. Divides nasal cavity into right and left sides

Back 53

nasal septum

Front 54

Each orbit is composed of _____ bones- frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, palatine, zygomatic, _______ and ______

Back 54

seven

lacrimal and maxilla

Front 55

unites the frontal bone and both parietal bones

Back 55

coronal suture

Front 56

unites the 2 parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull

Back 56

sagittal suture

Front 57

unites the 2 parietal bones to the occipital bone

Back 57

lambdoid suture

Front 58

unites the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral aspects of the skull

Back 58

squamous sutures

Front 59

Paired cavities lined with mucous membranes in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. Serve as resonating chambers for sound as we speak or sing

Back 59

paranasal sinuses

Front 60

Inflammation of mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses. Sinus headache occurs if the membranes swell enough to block drainage to the nasal cavity.

Back 60

sinusitis

Front 61

6 main fontanels

Back 61

anterior fontanel- midline bw two parietal bones and frontal bone- closes in 18-24 months

posterior fontanel- midline bw two parietal bones and occipital bone- closes 2 months

paired anterolateral fontanels- laterally bw frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones- closes 3 months

paired poserolateral fontanels- laterally bw parietal, occipital, and temporal bones- closes 11-12 months

Front 62

suspended from styloid processes of temporal bones by ligaments and muscles. Provides attachment point for some tongue, neck muscles and pharynx

Back 62

hyoid

Front 63

Total vertebrae during development is _____; during adulthood is ___.

Back 63

33

26

Front 64

Breakdown of 26 adult vertebrae

Back 64

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum
1 coccyx

Front 65

When viewed from the side, the vertebral column shows 4 slight curves called

Back 65

normal curves

Front 66

between vertebra from the 2nd cervical vertebra to the sacrum. Consists of fibrocartilage and an inner soft elastic substance called the _______

Back 66

Intervertebral discs

nucleus pulposus

Front 67

Vertebra typically consist of a ____, ___, ____

Back 67

body

vertebral arch

processes

Front 68

weight bearing part of vertebra.

Back 68

body

Front 69

When vertebral notches are stacked on top of one another, they form an opening called _______ bw adjoining vertebra on both sides of the column that permits the passage of a single spinal nerve.

Back 69

intervertebral foramen

Front 70

_____ processes arise from the vertebral arch.

Back 70

seven

Front 71

The __________ of cervical vertebrae are the largest in the spinal column.

Back 71

vertebral foramina

Front 72

The spinous processes of ____ through _______ are often bifid (split into two parts)

Back 72

C2 - C6

Front 73

C1

Back 73

Atlas

Front 74

C2

Back 74

Axis

Front 75

The Atlas lacks a ______ and ______

Back 75

body and spinous process

Front 76

The superior articular facets of the Atlas articulate with the occipital condyles of occipital bone to form the ______

Back 76

atlanto-occipital joints

Front 77

Which articulation allows the head to signify "yes"

Back 77

atlanto-occipital joints

Front 78

C2

Back 78

Axis

Front 79

A peglike process called the ______ or ______ projects up from the Axis to the Atlas making a pivot. This joint is called the _______

Back 79

dens or odontoid process

atlanto-axial joint

Front 80

C7, called the _______, has a single large _______ that can be felt at the base of the neck

Back 80

vertebra prominens

spinous process

Front 81

The 2 articulating surfaces of the thoracic vertebrae are called ____ and _____

Back 81

facets and demifacets

Front 82

The articulations between thoracic vertebrae and ribs are called _____

Back 82

vertebrocostal joints

Front 83

Largest and strongest vertebrae in the vertebral column

Back 83

Lumbar L1-L5

Front 84

triangular bone formed by 5 fused vertebrae, fusion begins at age 16-18 and is usually completed by age 30. Serves as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle

Back 84

Sacrum

Front 85

The anteriorly projecting border of the base of the sacrum is the _______ and is one of the points used for measurement of the pelvis

Back 85

sacral promontory

Front 86

Triangular bone made of 4 fused bones, fuses bw 20-30 years of age.

Back 86

Coccyx

Front 87

In females, the coccyx points _______, in males, it points _______

Back 87

Inferiorly

Anteriorly

Front 88

Anesthetic agents that act on the sacral and coccygeal nerves are sometimes injected through the ________. Called ________ or epidural block

Back 88

sacral hiatus

caudal anesthesia

Front 89

The skeletal part of the thorax is called ______

Back 89

thoracic cage

Front 90

3 parts of sternum

Back 90

Manubrium

Body

Xyphoid Process

Front 91

1st - 7th pairs of ribs have a direct attachment to the _______ by a strip of hyaline cartilage called ________. These ribs are ______ ribs

Back 91

sternum

costal cartilage

true

Front 92

The 8th - 12th ribs are known as ________ bc they indirectly attach to sternum or not at all. _____ and _____ are floating ribs

Back 92

false ribs

11th and 12th ribs

Front 93

8th, 9th and 10th pair of ribs are known as ________ bc they attach to each other then attach to the 7th rib

Back 93

vertebrochondral ribs (also false ribs)

Front 94

Inflammation of one or more costal cartilages is called __________ and is characterized by local tenderness and pain in anterior chx that may _______. Can mimic angina

Back 94

costochondritis

radiate

Front 95

Rupture of intervertebral disc so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes into vertebral cavity. Also called ________

Back 95

Herniated disc

slipped disc

Front 96

congenital defect of vertebral column in which laminae fail to unite at the midline

Back 96

spina bifida

Front 97

Exaggeration of thoracic curve of vertebral column. Caused by degeneration of vertebral discs, Rickets, poor posture, and osteoporosis

Back 97

Kyphosis

Front 98

sometimes called swayback. Exaggeration of the lumbar curve. Caused by pregnancy, obesity, poor posture, rickets

Back 98

Lordosis

Front 99

Narrowing of spinal canal in lumbar section, due to hyperthrophy of surrounding bone and soft tissue. Common cause of leg and back pain

Back 99

Lumbar spine stenosis

Front 100

Lateral bending of the vertebral column, usually in thoracic region

Back 100

Scoliosis

Front 101

______ skull bones form each of the orbits

Back 101

seven

Front 102

The cranial bones containing paranasal sinuses are

Back 102

frontal

sphenoid

ethmoid

maxillae

Front 103

Another name for central region of spongy bone in a flat bone

Back 103

Diploe

Front 104

attach bones of upper limbs to the axial skeleton

Back 104

pectoral or shoulder girdles

Front 105

each pectoral girdle consist of _____ and _____

Back 105

clavicle

scapula

Front 106

The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of sternum at the

Back 106

sternoclavicular joint

Front 107

Scapula articulates with the clavicle at the _________ and with the humerus at the _______.

Back 107

acromioclavicular joint

glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

Front 108

Pectoral girdles do not articulate with the _______. They are held in position by _______

Back 108

vertebrae

muscle attachments

Front 109

Broad flat lateral end of clavicle that articulates with the acromion of the scapula

Back 109

acromial extremity

Front 110

Each upper limb has _____ bones in 3 locations: _______ in the arm, _____ in the forearm, and _____ carpals in carpus, _____ in the metacarpus, and ______ in the hand

Back 110

30 bones

1 (humerus)

2 (ulna and radius)

8 (carpals) , 5 (metacarpals), and 14 (phalanges)

Front 111

Distal to the head of humerus is the site of the epiphyseal line known as ________. The ______ is a lateral projection distal to the ________.

Back 111

anatomical neck

greater tubercle

anatomical neck

Front 112

The most laterally palpable bony landmark of the shoulder region. The _______ projects anteriorly

Back 112

greater tubercle

lesser tubercle

Front 113

The _______ is a constriction in the humerus just distal to the tubercles. It is so named bc _____ commonly occur there

Back 113

surgical neck

Fx

Front 114

The _______ on the humerus serves as an attachment point for the tendons of deltoid muscle

Back 114

deltoid tuberosity

Front 115

On the humerus, the _______ articulates with the proximal end of radius and the _______ articulates with the proximal end of the ulna

Back 115

capitulum

trochlea

Front 116

At the proximal end of the ulna is the ________, which forms the prominence of the elbow.

Back 116

olecranon

Front 117

The _____, the uppermost tarsal bone, is the only bone of the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia. It articulates with the _____ of the tibia and the ____ of the fibula. These articulations form the __________ joint

Back 117

Talus

medial malleolus

lateral malleolus

talocrural (ankle) joint

Front 118

The ____ is the intermediate region of the foot and consist of _____ metatarsal bones, numbered _______, from the _____ to _____ position

Back 118

metatarsus

five

1-5

medial to lateral

Front 119

The phalanges of the foot are similar to those of the hand, numbering _____ from _____ to ____

Back 119

1-5

medial to lateral

Front 120

Another name for the great (big) toe

Back 120

hallux

Front 121

condition where the medial longitudinal arch of foot is abnormally elevated. Often caused by muscle deformities, such as in diabetic pts.

Back 121

clawfoot

Front 122

Attachment site on the mandible for muscles of mastication (chewing)

Back 122

coronoid process

Front 123

Pelvic bones are also called ____

Back 123

os coxae

Front 124

The cranial roof is formed by which 3 bones

Back 124

frontal bone

parietal bones

occipital bone

Front 125

The frontal bone contains the _______, an opening through which nerves and blood vessels pass to the forehead

Back 125

supraorbital foramen

Front 126

Below the meatus is the rounded _________

Back 126

mastoid process

Front 127

The spine of the scapula leads to the ________, which forms the tip of the shoulder

Back 127

acromion process

Front 128

The narrow end of each scapula forms a socket to receive the humerus called the

Back 128

glenoid fossa