Anatomy And Physiology Paramedic Quiz 2 Study Guide

Front 1

Definition and appearance of cartilage

Back 1

Plates of shiny connective tissue that are lubricated by synovial fluid to provide a slippery surface over which bones may move freely.

Front 2

Definition and make up of tendons

Back 2

Specialized tough cords or bands of dense white connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone. Composed of densely packed fibers of collagen, a twisted rope-like protein.

Front 3

Classification of Strains and Sprains

Back 3

Grade one lesser damage, three most damage.
Sprain deals with the stretching or tearing of a joint and its ligaments.
Strain deals with the stretching or tearing of a muscle.

Front 4

Definition of osteoblasts

Back 4

A bone-forming cell. These cells produce bone tissue and creates an osteocyte.

Osteoclast play a major role in bone remodeling by removal of old bone.

Front 5

Bone classification

Back 5

The main bone classifications include long, short, and flat bones. Long bones include are longer than they are wide, including most bones of the upper and lower ext. Short bones are as broad as they are long and often are cube-shaped or round, including wrist and ankle. Flat bones are relatively thin and flattened, including ribs, certain skull bones, scapula, and sternum.

Front 6

Definition and location of epiphyseal plates

Back 6

The growth plate, the physis, major site of bone elongation, located proximal to the epiphysis, end of bone.

Front 7

Fracture types, shapes and location of occurrence

Back 7

There are 7 fractures discuss in this chapter: Greenstick fx, Transverse fx, Oblique fx, Spiral fx, Comminuted fx, Impacted fx, and Compression fx.
Greenstick fx-An incomplete fx in which the bone is bent and only the outer arc of the bend is broken. Primary occurs in children and heals quickly.
Transverse fx-A fx straight across the shaft of the bone.
Oblique fx-A fracture at an angle to the shaft of the bone.
Spiral fx-A fx that twist around the shaft of the bone.
Comminuted fx-A fx in which the bone end is fragmented.
Impacted fx-A fx in which one fragmented bone end is wedged into the other fragmented end.
Compression fx-A fx in which the bone collapses.

Front 8

Definition of appositional bone growth

Back 8

The formation of new bone on the surface of a bone.

Front 9

Definition and components of the axial and appendicular skeletal systems

Back 9

Axil is the portion of the skeletone that includes the torso. The appendicular consist of the upper and lower extremities and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton.

Front 10

Location and components of the foramen magnum

Back 10

The large oppening at the bottom of the skull through which the brain connects with the spinal cord.

Front 11

Location of the bones of the skull

Back 11

Refer to page 56

Front 12

Location and components of temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Back 12

The joint between the temporal bone and the posterior condyle that allows for movements of the mandible.

Front 13

Number and location of the sections of the spine

Back 13

Cervical 7 vertebrae, Thoracic 12 vertebrae, Lumbar 5 vertebrae, Sarcral 5 vertebrae, Coccyx 4 vertebrae

Front 14

Floating fibs vs true rib (definition and location)

Back 14

The upper 7 pair are called the true ribs due to articulation/attachment with the thoracic vertebrae and attach directly to the sternum, The eighth to tenth ribs attach to cartilage, costocartilage, in turn attaching it to the sternum. Remaining two pair are called floating ribs and held in place by cartilage and have no attachment to sternum.

Front 15

Components of the atlanto-occipital joint

Back 15

The location where the atlas articulates with the occipital condyles.

Front 16

Sternal portions and their location

Back 16

The breastbone which divides into three parts. The manubrium top portion, containing the jugular notch, elongated body , middle portion of sternum, and the xiphoid process, lower end of sternum made of cartilage that attaches to the inferior portion of the sternum.

Front 17

Definition and location of carpals

Back 17

There are 8 bones among the carpals, they include the triquetrum, pisiform, capitate, lunate, hamate, trapezoid, trapezium, and scaphoid.

Front 18

Location of the acetabulum

Back 18

The socket in the ball-and-socket joint that connects the pelvic girdle and the lower extremity.

Front 19

Significance and location of the Battle's sign

Back 19

Bruising over the mastoid process, behind the ears, usually from a basilar skull fracture-linear skull fx to the back of the skull, involving basilar bone of the skull, roof of orbits sphenoid, portions of temporal. Occurs in about 4% head trauma pt. Other signs are CSF leakage, can cause twitch, hearing lost, due to damage of cranial nerve.

Front 20

Definition and S&S of tinnitus

Back 20

A ringing in the ears. Hearing deficient, balance issues, they will tell you, meiners disease.

Front 21

Definition and locations of blowout fractures

Back 21

A fracture of the floor of the orbital usually caused by a blow to the eye.

Front 22

Types of muscle tissue

Back 22

The three type of muscle tissue are voluntary, smooth, and cardiac.

Front 23

Definition of voluntary muscle tissue

Back 23

Also know as skeletal, it consist of striated muscles that are under direct volitional control of the brain, also known as voluntary muscle. Comprises ~40% of body weight, and consist of more 350 muscles.

Front 24

Types of myofilaments and where they are located

Back 24

Each skeletal muscle fiber, or muscle cell, is cylinder in shaped within multiple nuclei. Within the cells are myofibrils, thread like structures that extend from one end to another. Myofibrils contain two types of myofilaments (protein fibers): actin myofilaments or myosin myofilaments. Actin myofilaments are active in muscular contraction, cellular movement, and maintenance of cell shape. Myosin myofilaments are globulins of muscle that react with actin to form actomyosin.

Front 25

Definition of fascia

Back 25

A layer of fibrous connective tissue outside the epimysium that separates individual muscles.

Front 26

Definition and location of a neuromuscular junction

Back 26

The junction between neuron and muscle fiber is called a neuromuscular junction. Messages are sent to the neuromuscular junction and the muscle contracts.

Front 27

Definition of motor neurotransmission

Back 27

Within the distal end of the muscle fiber is the presynaptic terminal, and the proximal portion of the muscle fiber forms the postsynaptic terminal. The presynapteic terminal contains numerous synaptic vesicles containing chemicals , neurotransmitter, that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse. IE. When release from the presynaptic terminal, acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft giving rise to the action potential.

Front 28

The chemical associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum and action potential

Back 28

The chemical associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum action potential is Calcium ions.
The action potential causes release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, a system of membranes that transport materials in muscle cells. Calcium ions bind to troponin, a component of actin myofilaments. The binding causes a change in the stucture of the actine molecule that allows actin and myosin to react with each other, forming a troponin-tropomyosin comples, resulting in muscle contraction.

Front 29

Components of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 29

Regardless of the type of muscle, all muscle contraction requires energy. The main source of energy for muscle contraction is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), broken down to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) which release of energy. The metabolism of oxygen and various foodstuffs allows for regeneration of ATP to meet the ongoing energy demand.

Front 30

Definition of hemoglobin

Back 30

An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, carries 97% of oxygen.

Front 31

Components and design of smooth muscle cells

Back 31

Muscle that carries out much of the automatic work of the body, such as moving food through the digestive tract and dilating and constricting of the pupils of the eye, also known as involuntary muscle.

Front 32

Location of visceral smooth muscle

Back 32

Sheets of muscle found in the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tract.

Front 33

Definition and muscles involved with automaticity

Back 33

Cardiac muscle has the property of intrinsic automaticity, meaning to an extent it is able to generate its own electrical activity. Depolarization of the muscle results in influx of both sodium and calcium ions across the cell membrane.

Front 34

Muscle make up of the eye that help facilitate eye movement

Back 34

There are 6 muscles that help facilitate eye movement.

Front 35

Innervation point of the phrenic nerve

Back 35

"Innervention-(anatomy) The distribution of nerves to a part.
(physiology) The amount of nerve stimulation received by a part."
According to answers.com
The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm, damage to it can result in SOA.

Front 36

Nerves involved with hand and finger movements

Back 36

All muscles that cause motion of the hand and fingers are the innervated by the median, ulnar, or radial nerve.

Front 37

Anatomic location of perineum

Back 37

Below the coccygeus muscle and he levator ani muscle from the floor of the pelvis, contain the muscle of perineum. The perineum is the structures of the urogenital system/triangle; the anus, or anal triangle lie posteriorly.

Front 38

Location of the body's longest muscle

Back 38

The longest muscle is the sartorius muscle.

Front 39

Compartment location of the Achilles tendon

Back 39

The Achilles tendon is the strong tendon that attaches muscle of the cafe to the calcaneus. The deep posterior compartment contains muscles that primarily flex the toe and invert the foot. The lateral compartment contains muscles that primarily evert the foot.

Front 40

S&S of Achilles tendon rupture

Back 40

Rupture to the Achilles tendon usually follows jumping or overstretching activities. The pt may show s&s of flat-footed, unable to stand on ball of foot, active plantar flexion is lost, some muscles my allow some motion to remain. Thompson's test in the injured foot, the test normally is negative, squeezing the calf results in the foot remaining stationary. While on a normal uninjured foot it would be positive and would result in plantar flexion at the ankle.

Front 41

S&S of compartment syndrome

Back 41

Each anatomic compartment of the leg is enclosed by fascia and is essentially a closed space. Following trauma, blood or fluid can accumulate within a compartment, thus resulting in compression of the blood vessels and tissue damage secondary to ischemia, compartment syndrome. If not promptly recognized and tx death to the muscle and loss of limb may occur.

Front 42

Muscle movement associated with deep breathing

Back 42

The major muscles of breathing include the diaphragm, scalene, and first two intercostal muscles. The diaphragm, flattened dome shaped muscle located at the base of the thoracic, is responsible for contraction. The scalene muscles, elevate the first two ribs during inspiration.

Front 43

Definition of gap junction

Back 43

Conduction areas between cells, that interconnect individual muscle cells.