Anatomy And Physiology Paramedic Chapter 4 Muscle Tissue

Front 1

Achilles tendon

Back 1

The strong tendon that joins the muscles in the posterior leg to the calcaneus.

Front 2

actin myofilament

Back 2

A cellular protein found in myofilaments that is active in muscular contractions, cellular movement and maintenance of cell shape.

Front 3

action potential

Back 3

A change in electrical potential that occurs when a cell or tissue has been activated by a stimulus.

Front 4

adductor brevis

Back 4

The shor muscle that adducts the thigh.

Front 5

adductor longus

Back 5

The long muscle that adducts the hip.

Front 6

anal triangle

Back 6

The area within the pelvis that contains the anus.

Front 7

anatagonist

Back 7

Muscles working in opposition to each other.

Front 8

Bell's palsy

Back 8

A condition caused by damage, either through trauma or infection, to the facial nerve, resulting in an inability to move the facial muscles on the affected side.

Front 9

belly

Back 9

The large portion of muscle between the origin and the insertion.

Front 10

biceps femoris

Back 10

Located in the posterior compartment of the leg, it flexes and laterally rotates the knee and extends the hip.

Front 11

calmodulin

Back 11

An intracellular protein that calcium binds to, resulting in muscle contraction.

Front 12

cardiac muscle

Back 12

Muscle that is found only in the heart, providing the contractions needed to propel the blood through the circulatory system. Like smooth muscle it is also involuntary.

Front 13

compartment

Back 13

An anatomic space within the body tha is enclosed by fascia.

Front 14

compartment syndrome

Back 14

Accumulation of blood or fluid in an anatomic compartment, typically following trauma, resulting in compression of blood vessels and tissue damage secondary to ischemia and, if not recognized and promptly treated, death of muscle and loss of the limb.

Front 15

diaphragm

Back 15

A flattened dome-shaped muscle that is the main muscle of breathing, located at the base of the thorax separating the thorax from the abdomen.

Front 16

endomysium

Back 16

The delicate connective tissue surrounding individual muscular fibers.

Front 17

extensor muscles

Back 17

Groups of muscles that cause extension.

Front 18

extracellular fluid

Back 18

Fluid outside of the cells.

Front 19

extraocular movements

Back 19

Movement of the eyes in various directions.

Front 20

fascia

Back 20

A layer of fibrous connective tissue outside the epimysium that separates individual muscles.

Front 21

flexor muscles

Back 21

Group of muscles that cause flxion when contracted.

Front 22

gap junctions

Back 22

Conduction areas between cells, that interconnect individual muscle cells.

Front 23

hemoglobin

Back 23

An iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, carries 97% of oxygen.

Front 24

insertion

Back 24

The end of a muscle that is attached to the bone that is undergoing the greatest movement.

Front 25

intercalated disks

Back 25

Branching fibers in cardiac muscle that allow action potentials to pass from cell to cell.

Front 26

intrinsic automaticity

Back 26

The ability of muscle to generate its own electrical activity. Cardiac muscle has this ability.

Front 27

lactic acid

Back 27

An organic acid that can lower the intracellular pH.

Front 28

motor neurons

Back 28

Specialized nerve cells that deliver an impulse to muscle cells, causing them to contract.

Front 29

multiunit smooth muscle

Back 29

One of the two typs of smooth muscle, it is formed into sheets of muscle (as in the walls of blood vessels), small bundles of muscles (as in the iris of the eye), or single cells (as in the capsule of the spleen).

Front 30

muscle

Back 30

Fibers that contract causing movement; three types of muscle are present in the body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

Front 31

muscle faciculus

Back 31

A bundle of skeletal muscle cells bound together by connective tissue called perimysium, and forming one of the constituent elements of a muscle.

Front 32

myofibrils

Back 32

Threadlike structures that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other. Found within the muscle cell.

Front 33

myogibrials contain two types of of myofilaments

Back 33

Myofilaments are the individual protein filaments, composed of either actin or myosin.

Front 34

myoglobin

Back 34

An iron-containing red pigment, similar to hemoglobin that is found in muscle fibers.

Front 35

myosin myofilaments

Back 35

A fibrous globulin of muscle that reacts with actin to form actomyosin.

Front 36

neuromuscular junction

Back 36

The junction between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber, also known as neuromuscular synapse.

Front 37

neurotrinsmitter

Back 37

A chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse.

Front 38

origin

Back 38

The attachment of a muscle to the more stationary of two bones.

Front 39

oxygen debt

Back 39

A teporary oxygen deficiency in muscles after strenuous exercise, characterized by heavy breathing, until the muscles have been supplied with sufficient oxygen.

Front 40

pectineus muscle

Back 40

A deep muscle of the medial compartment that adducts, flexes, and internally rotates the thigh.

Front 41

pectoralis major

Back 41

The largest muscle of the chest wall, it adducts and internally rotates the shoulder.

Front 42

perimysium

Back 42

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers.

Front 43

perineum

Back 43

The area below the coccygeus and levator animuscles, which forms the floor of the pelvis.

Front 44

postsynaptic terminal

Back 44

The proximal portion of the muscle fiber in the neuromuscular junction.

Front 45

presynaptic terminal

Back 45

The distal end of the nerve fiber in the neuromuscular junction.

Front 46

prime mover

Back 46

The muscle in a group of muscles that has the major role in movement.

Front 47

quadriceps femoris

Back 47

Muscle contained in the anterior compartment of the thigh that extends the knee when contracted.

Front 48

rectus abdominis

Back 48

The linear muscle of the midline of the abdomen.

Front 49

rotor cuff

Back 49

A special group of four muscles that forms a cap over the proximal humerus and ties the humerus to the scapula. It controls rotation at the shoulder joint.

Front 50

sarcolemma

Back 50

The thin transparent sheath surrounding a striated muscle fiber, the cell membrane for to muscle cell/fiber.

Front 51

sarcomeres

Back 51

Myofilaments are organized into units called sarcomeres, which are any of the repeating structural units of striated muscle fibrils.

Front 52

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 52

A system of membranes that transport materials in muscle cells.

Front 53

sartorius muscle

Back 53

The longest muscle in the human body, it is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh and flexes both the hip and knee when it contracts.

Front 54

scalene muscles

Back 54

Muscles of respiration that elevate the first two ribs during inspiration.

Front 55

skeletal muscle

Back 55

Striated muscles that are under direct volitional control of the brain, also known as voluntary muscle. Comprises ~40% of body weight, and consist of more 350 muscles.

Front 56

sliding filament mechanism

Back 56

The movement of the myofilaments during contraction of the muscle.

Front 57

Smooth muscle

Back 57

Muscle that carries out much of the automatic work of the body, such as moving food through the digestive tract and dilating and constricting of the pupils of the eye, also known as involuntary muscle.

Front 58

Synaptic ceft

Back 58

The space between nerves and muscles in the neuromuscular junction across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter

Front 59

synergists

Back 59

Muscles that work together to accomplish a particular movement.

Front 60

tendon

Back 60

Tough, ropelike cords of fibrous tissue that attach muscle to bones.

Front 61

Thrompson's test

Back 61

A test used to evaluate the integrity of the Archilles tendon for possible rupture.

Front 62

urogenital triangle

Back 62

The region within the pelvis taht contains the structures of the urogenital system.

Front 63

visceral smooth muscle

Back 63

Sheets of muscle found in the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tract.

Front 64

whiplast

Back 64

A laymen's term for traumatic for traumatic soft-tissue injury to the structure of the neck, associated with sudden flexion or extension.

Front 65

Yergason's test

Back 65

Supination of the forearm against resistance to evaluate whether a patient has bicipital tendinitis.

Front 66

What are the three types of muscle?

Back 66

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Front 67

The path of a neurotransmitter

Back 67

When release the hormone diffuses across the synaptic cleft giving rise to the action potential in the postsynaptic terminal. The movement of the vesicle is stimulated by the influx of calcium ions into the presynaptic nerve terminal. Once across the synaptic cleft, acetylcholine (the hormone) causes and increase in the muscle membrane's permeability, allowing sodium ions to diffuse into the cell via the protein ion channels, producing an electrical charge, resulting int eh development of action potential.

Front 68

Production of action potential in skeletal muscle causes...

Back 68

...contration of the muscle fiber. During the contraction, the sarcomers shorten as the acting myofilaments slide over the surface of the myosin and the two sets of myofilaments literally "crawl" over each other.

Front 69

Calcium importance in muscle tissue.

Back 69

Calcium is important in muscle tissue. The action potential causes release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The calcium binds to troponin, a component of the actin myofilaments. The binding causes a change in the structure of the actin molecule that allows actin and myosin to react with each other, foorming a troponin-tropomyosin comex, resulting in muscle contraction. Upon muscle relaxation the calcium is return back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Front 70

Energy among muscle contraction.

Back 70

Regardless of the type of muscle, all muscle contraction requires energy. The main source of energy for muscle contraction is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), broken down to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) wotj release of energy. The metabolism of oxygen and various foodstuffs allows for regeneration of ATP to meet the ongoing energy demand.

Front 71

Excessive muscle exertion...

Back 71

may cause muscle fatigues due to exhaustion of energy reservesor the build of lactic acid.

Front 72

Description of smooth muscle

Back 72

The cells are smaller than those of skeletal muscle. They are spindle-shaped with a single nucleus, contain fewer actin and myosin myofilaments than do skeletal muscle cells. The myofilaments of smooth muscle are not organized into sarcomeres; therefore, smooth muscle is considered to be nonstriated muscle.

Front 73

List the two type of smooth muscle:

Back 73

Visceral smooth muscle and Multiunit smooth muscle

Front 74

Describe cardiac muscles...

Back 74

...striated like skeletal muscle, cells containing only one nucleus, also contains intercalated disks. For an action potential to occur the process needs a ploarized cell, a cell at rest, waiting to react to a stimulus. Depolarization of the polarized cell requires a trigger or minimum energy level. The depolization opens channels allowing sodium to rush in, action potential fires stimulating surrounding cells. Repolarization is the recovery phase that follows depolarization, sodium leaves the cell, allowing the cell to return to polarized state awaiting for the next stimulus.

Front 75

Muscles are names according to...

Back 75

... location, size, shape, orientation of fascicles, origin and insertion, number of heads, or function.