Anatomy And Physiology Marieb Test 3

Front 1

List the cells of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest

Back 1

Muscle, motor unit, muscle fiber, myofibrils, sarcomere, myofilaments

Front 2

Parallel, Pennate, Circular, and Convergent-tringular are examples of?

Back 2

Muscle arrangements

Front 3

This arrangement has a long axis that is parallel like a strap and an example is sartorius

Back 3

Parallel arrangement

Front 4

This arrangement is like a feather, oblique and an example is Extensor digitorum longus and deltoid

Back 4

Pennate arrangement

Front 5

This arrangement is in rings and an example is orbicularis oris and sphincters

Back 5

Circular arrangement

Front 6

This arrangement is triangular and fan shaped and an example pectoralis major

Back 6

Convergent arrangement

Front 7

This arrangement is spindle shaped and an example is biceps brachii

Back 7

Fusiform

Front 8

Occurs in a "power lever" where the effort is farther than the load from the fulcrum

Back 8

Mechanical advantage

Front 9

Occurs in a "speed lever" where the effort is nearer to the load than the fulcrum

Back 9

Mechanical disadvantage

Front 10

This is a suprahyoid muscle that has two bellies and forms a "V"

Back 10

Digastric

Front 11

This is a infrahyoid muscle, three pairs which run circularly in pharynx wall (to swallow)

Back 11

Pharyngeal constrictors

Front 12

The diaphragm is supplied by the ________

Back 12

Phrenic nerve

Front 13

Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and the deltoid muscle are all?

Back 13

Prime movers of the arm

Front 14

The anterior forearm have muscles with long tendons which are anchored into place by?

Back 14

flexor retinacula

Front 15

The deepest and lowest posterior muscle of the thigh is?

Back 15

Quadratus femoris

Front 16

3 types of muscle tissue

Back 16

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

Front 17

This connective tissue sheath surrounds the whole muscle

Back 17

Epimysium

Front 18

The epimysium extends beyond the muscle as a tendon or a flat sheet called the?

Back 18

Aponeurosis

Front 19

Multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of embryonic cells

Back 19

Syncytium

Front 20

Glycosomes, myoglobin, myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubles are all specialized organelles contained in the?

Back 20

Sarcoplasm

Front 21

This is a red pigment that stores extra oxygen in muscle tissue?

Back 21

Myoglobin

Front 22

A section of a myofibril between two successive Z-discs is a

Back 22

Sarcomere

Front 23

This is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber

Back 23

Sarcomere

Front 24

This is a series of repeating bands along the length of the myofibril

Back 24

Striations

Front 25

These striations are dark and have a light midsection called the H-zone

Back 25

"A" bands

Front 26

These striations are light with a darker midsection called the Z-disc or Z-line

Back 26

"I" bands

Front 27

The functional units of a muscle are the?

Back 27

Sarcomeres

Front 28

This fiber is made of the protein called "Nebulin", it anchors the thin filaments and connects each myofibril to the next one

Back 28

Z-Disc or Z-Line

Front 29

The H-zone is lighter because it lacks?

Back 29

Thin filaments

Front 30

The bisection of each H-Zone is called the?

Back 30

M-line

Front 31

Each thick filament is surrounded by how many thin filaments?

Back 31

6

Front 32

Thick Filaments are made of the protein?

Back 32

Myosin

Front 33

Actin, Troponin, and tropomyosin are all contained in?

Back 33

Thin Filaments

Front 34

The elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells is called the?

Back 34

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Front 35

Large perpendicular cross channels of sarcoplasmic reticulum is

Back 35

Terminal Cisternae

Front 36

These are formed at each A band I band juction where the sarcolemma penetrates into the cell interior to form an elongated tube

Back 36

T Tubules

Front 37

Each of these form a triad with two terminal cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 37

T-Tubules

Front 38

The activation of myosin cross bridges

Back 38

Contraction

Front 39

When the tension generated by the cross bridges on thin filaments exceeds the opposing forces

Back 39

Shortening

Front 40

The cross bridges become inactive and tension declines

Back 40

Relaxation

Front 41

Electrical current that stimulated by nerve ending and propagates along the sarcolemma

Back 41

Action Potential

Front 42

Muscles neurotransmitters

Back 42

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 43

6 steps for process of a contraction

Back 43

1 thin filaments slide centrally 2 Z-discs are pulled toward thick filaments 3 distance between Z-discs is reduced 4 I bands shorten 5 H-zones disappear 6. The A-bands move closer together but do not get shorter

Front 44

The axons contain small sacs called the ?

Back 44

Synaptic vesicles or synaptic knobs which contain the ACh

Front 45

Increased Ca+ causes synaptic vesicles to realase Ach into the synaptic clft by way of

Back 45

Exocytosis

Front 46

Acetylcholinesterase or Cholinesterase does what?

Back 46

Prevents continued muscle contractions

Front 47

This is the method where the Action potiontial causes sliding of the filaments

Back 47

Excitation-Contraction Coupling (E-C Coupling)

Front 48

E-C coupling occurs during the?

Back 48

latent period

Front 49

4 steps of Contraction

Back 49

1Cross Bridge formation 2 Working (power) stroke 3 cross bridge detachment 4 cocking of the myosin head

Front 50

Cross bridge detachment is caused by the

Back 50

bringing of ATP to the myosin head

Front 51

The force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object is called

Back 51

Muscle Tension

Front 52

The opposing force exerted on the muscle by the weight of an object being moved is called the

Back 52

Load

Front 53

If muscle tension develops but the load is not moved the contraciton is called

Back 53

isometric

Front 54

Increasing muscle tension is measured in ?

Back 54

Isometric contractions

Front 55

This occurs when the muscle tension developed overcomes the load and muscle shortening occurs

Back 55

Isotonic contraction

Front 56

The "amount of shortening" is measured in

Back 56

isotonic contractions

Front 57

The nerve-muscle functional unit is called the?

Back 57

Motor Unit

Front 58

What is the all or nothing phenonom?

Back 58

When a motor neuron fires, all the muscle fibers it supplies contract

Front 59

Three phases of muscle twitch are?

Back 59

Latent Period, Period of Contraction, and Relaxation period

Front 60

The way a healthy muscle responds with smooth motion is called a?

Back 60

Graded muscle response

Front 61

Graded response can occur in two ways

Back 61

Changing the Frequency of stimulation or Changing the strength of the stimulus

Front 62

Changing the Frequency of the stimulation is called?

Back 62

wave summation effect

Front 63

Changing the Strength of the stimulus is called?

Back 63

multiple motor unit summation

Front 64

In "wave summation" the second contraction occurs before the first is completely

Back 64

Relaxed

Front 65

In wave summation muscle tension during the second contraction causes more_____ than the first

Back 65

Shortening

Front 66

Summation can progress to incomplete (unfused) or

Back 66

Complete (fused) tetanus ( a sustained contraction)

Front 67

The first observable contraction occurs below threshold voltage no muscle contraction occurs at all

Back 67

Threshold stimulus

Front 68

When a muscle contracts, ATP provides the energy for cross bridge movement and detachment and for the operation of the ?

Back 68

Calcium pump

Front 69

3 pathways to regenerate ATP are

Back 69

1 Interaction of ADP with Creatime Phosphate (Direct Phosphorylation) 2 Stored glycogen via glycolysis (anaerobic) 2 aerobic respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)

Front 70

This is a unique, high energy molecule stored in muscles and supplies energy for synthesis of ATP

Back 70

Creatine Phosphate

Front 71

The force of muscle contraction is determined by?

Back 71

# of fibers stimulated, size of fibers stimulated, frequency of stimulation, and degree of muscle stretch

Front 72

Calcium is stored ?

Back 72

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Front 73

The presence of calcium inside the axon terminal causes some of the synaptic vesicles to fuse wiht the axonal membrane and release ACH into the synaptic cleft by

Back 73

exocytosis

Front 74

Cross birdge attachment to actin requires

Back 74

Calcium

Front 75

The organ muscle is covered externally by the?

Back 75

Epimysium

Front 76

This is a discrete bundle of muscle fibers

Back 76

Fascicle

Front 77

The Fascicle is covered by

Back 77

Perimysium

Front 78

The muscle fiber is surrounded by

Back 78

Endomysium

Front 79

The movable bone site where muscle is attached

Back 79

Insertation

Front 80

The unmovable bone site where muscle is attached

Back 80

Origin

Front 81

Anything smaller than a muscle cell is an?

Back 81

Organelle

Front 82

Sarcomeres are made of?

Back 82

Myofilament

Front 83

A muscle used to imobilize a joint or bone

Back 83

Fixator muscle

Front 84

When 2 muscles work together

Back 84

Synergists