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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How does the base sequence of DNA match up to base sequence mRNA?
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Adenine (A) bonds to Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) bonds to Cytosine (C) -with RNA it doesn’t have T it has Uramine |
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What is the difference in Primary, secondary, tertiary and Quaternary Structure of Proteins
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Primary (sequence of amino acids Secondary (achieved when the alpha helix of the beta pleated sheet fold upon themselves) Tertiary (overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide)and Quaternary (two or more polypeptide chains aggregate in a regular manner to form a complex protein)
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Are all proteins enzymes?
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No
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Are all enzymes proteins?
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Yes
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Do enzymes catalyze specific chemical reactions?
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Yes
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What is Rough ER involved in?
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It has the cell’s “membrane factory” creating the proteins and phospholipids that make up the membrane,
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When a cell has lost it’s centrioles can it divide?
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No because Centriole are necessary for cell division
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What is the Golgi Bodies nickname?
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Packaging center
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Stage of mitosis when the centromeres split:
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Anaphase
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What are Cell membranes made out of?
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Phospholipids and globular proteins
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What is the pH level of a strong acid?
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It has a low pH
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What is cell respiration?
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The way to use nutrients and oxygen to provide energy (ATP)
The preferred source of energy for cellular respiration is carbohydrates because they break down easy |
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Name 4 types of cell reactions.
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Anabolic or Synthesis Reaction: joining together
Catabolic or Decomposition: broken down Exchange (displacement): both Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: decomposition reactions where food is broken down |
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ADP + P ATP what type of reaction is this?
Does it require energy to occur? |
Anabolic and yes it does
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Where is the Chemical information of DNA found?
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In the sequence of the codes
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What is a codon?
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A three base sequence of mRNA that corresponds to the DNA, it will create stopping and starting combinations
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What is phagocytosis?
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Engulfing of foreign things in the body (White Blood cells)
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What is Syncytium:
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multinucleated cells
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What is not true about the plasma membrane?
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Glycolipids are on the inside (they aren’t, they are found on the outside of the membrane)
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Can fat soluble molecules go through a plasma membrane?
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Yes, they don’t even need to bypass the lipid layer, because they are fats
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Where are Intergrual Proteins are found?
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Inserted in the bilayer of the plasma membrane
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Do some proteins act as chemical messengers for hormones?
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Yes
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Can glycoproteins and glycocalyx act to bind the epithelium together?
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Yes
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What has a glycocalyx?
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Female eggs
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Are desmosomes found in the skin and heart muscle?
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YES they are found in tissues subject to great mechanical stress.
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Where are gap junctions found?
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In electrically excited tissues like the heart and smooth muscle
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Are tight junctions permeable?
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NO it forms a impermeable junction that encircles the cell
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Do microvilli have a core of adipose filaments?
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NO
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Membranous sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymes, the most important being oxidase and catalase
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Peroxisomes:
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The “demolition crew,” spherical membranous organelles containing digestive enzymes
-very large and abundant in phagocytes, the cells that dispose of invading bacteria and cell debris -work best in acidic conditions |
Lysosomes:
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small, dark staining granules composed of protein and a variety of RNA called ribosomal RNA (pg. 87)
-have two globular units that fit together (like an acorn) -some float freely in cytoplasm (function is to make soluble proteins) while others are attached to membranes forming rough ER (function is to synthesize proteins destined either for incorporation into cell membranes or for export from the cells |
Ribosomes:
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the largest of the hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins
-stiff but slightly bendable that determine the overall shape of the cell and the distribution of the organelles in the cell |
Microtubules:
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What is the difference in Active Transport vs. Passive Transport?
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Passive Transport: when substances move across the membrane without any energy input from the cell, two main types are diffusion and filtration
-Diffusion: tendency of molecules or ions to scatter evenly throughout the environment (pg. 71) -Filtration: the process that forces water and solutes through a membrane or capillary wall by fluid or hydrostatic pressure Active Transport: whenever the cell uses the bond energy of ATP to move solutes across a membrane -similar to facilitated diffusion because they both require carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transport substances (pg. 75) -active transport moves against the concentration gradient |
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Are basement membranes found under all tissue types?
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No, Just epithelium
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What is Catabolism?
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Breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
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What is Anabolism?
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Synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler ones
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Catalysts do what to the rate of chemical reactions?
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Increase it
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Can benign neoplasms metastasize to distant tissues?
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No
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What percentage of cancer is found to have oncogenes?
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20%
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What is a carcinogen?
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Cancer causer that makes the cells rapidly reproduce themselves/ examples: physical trauma (radiation, mechanical trauma), certain viral infections, and many chemicals (tobacco, saccharine, some natural food chemicals)
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What do proto-oncogenes do?
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A proto-oncogene is a gene whose protein product has the capacity to induce cellular transformation given it sustains some genetic insult. An oncogene is a gene that has sustained some genetic damage and, therefore, produces a protein capable of cellular transformation.
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If the pH of urine goes from 6.5 to 4.5 is there an increase or decrease in hydrogen ions?
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INCREASE, it also increase in acidity
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What is an Ion?
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Charged particles, created when an electron is transferred from one atom to another and the balance of + and – charges is lost
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What is an Ionic Bond?
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Ionic Bond: a chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other
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What is an Anion?
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When the atom gains the electrons and forms a – charge
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What is a Cation?
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The atom that loses the electron and forms a + charge
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A six year old with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea comes into the hospital. What has happened to their cells?
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Their tissues are dehydrated, so they pull the water and fluids out the cells.
Osmosis: diffusion of a solvent, water, through a selectively permeable membrane |
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What would happen to one red blood cell in a tube with pure distilled water?
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The water would go into the cell, making it explode.
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When do chemical reactions happen more quickly?
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In higher temperatures
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What is Endothelium?
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Endothelium: a type of simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood vessels
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In what tissues are blood vessels not found?
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Cartilage and epithelium, this is called avascular
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What are tendons and ligaments made out of?
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Dense regular connective tissue
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What are Holocrine Glands?
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Glands that accumulate their products till they explode
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When the body starys the same, for every change the body attempts a reverse reaction to maintain the same parameters
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Homeostasis
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What is the process of forming blood clots?
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Hemostasis
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______are called suicide sacs
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Lysosomes
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Only epithelia tissue that streches
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Transitional
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What is the study of structures in a particular area of the body like adomen or brain?
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Regional Anatomy
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What is the study of anatomy based om systems, such as cardiovascular or endocrine?
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Systemic anatomy
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What is how internal sturctures relate to the overlying skin?
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Surface anatomy
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This study includes cytology and histology
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Microscopic anatomy
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What is the study of changes in body growth?
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Developmental anatomy
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What is the study of the fomation of the newborn
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Embryology
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What is the study of changes caused by disease?
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Pathologic anatomy
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What is the study of structures seen by xray?
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Radiographic anatomy
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What is the study of biology at the smallest level
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Molecular biology
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What are the 4 main tissue types?
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Connective, Epithelial, muscle and nervous
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Heterogeneous mixtures that ofter appear translucent or milky
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Colloids or emulsions
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Chief difference between a mixture and a compound?
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There is no chemical bonding in a mixture
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When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger more complex molecule the process is a ?
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Synthesis or combination reaction A+B=AB
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When a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms
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decompostion reaction AB=A+B
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Reactions that involve both synthesis and decompostion reactions are called?
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Exchange or displacement reactions
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Decompostion reactions which are the basis of all reactions in which food fuels are catabolized for energy (ATP produced)
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Oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions
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What is the bodies normal pH range?
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7.35-7.45
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The cell type that secretes the matrix of areolar tissues is called a?
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Fibroblast
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All connective tissue arise from an embryonic tissue called
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mesenchyme
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This tissue is froun in tendons, and ligaments contains mosly collagen fibers cells are mostly fibroblasts
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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This structure is made of karatinized stratified spuamous epithelium
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Epidermis
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Three primary layers in embryonic development
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ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm
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Muscle and connective tissue develop from what embryonic tissue?
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Mesoderm
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Beign forms of oncogenes in normal cells that code for proteins that are used for cell division, growth, and adhesion
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Proto-oncogenes
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This layer of the epidermis has 3-5 cell layers in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically and they are dying
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Stratum Granulosum
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The reticular layer of the dermis is made of
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dense irregular connective tissue
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Mounds found on the palms and soles whcih case the epidermis to form Epidermal ridges
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Dermal ridges
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fingerprints are?
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epidermal ridges
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The white cresent that lies over the thick nail matrix is called the
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Lunula
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What are the two types of sweat glands?
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eccrine and apocrine
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Oil glands found all over EXCEPT palms and soles of feet
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Sebaceous Glands
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Sebaceous glands are a type of
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Holocrine gland
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The central core of the hair shaft is called the
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medulla
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An anchoring junction, mechanical coupling scattered like rivets on the sides of the abutting cells (zipper)
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A desmosome
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This is a communication junction that allow chemical substances to pass between adjacent cells, connecting the cells by hollow cylinders called connexons
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A gap junction
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Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells, increasing the plasma membrane surface and increasing surface area for absorption
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Microvilli
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A molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful substances (alcohol or formaldehyde), MOST important function is to neutralize dangerous free radicals (highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of biological molecules)
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Oxidase:
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Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration where protection is not importnat; secretes lubricatin substances in serosae
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Found in Kidney corpuscles; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart; blood vessels; and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Secretion and absorption
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surgace
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Absorption; secretion of mucus; enzymes and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reporductive cells) by ciliary action
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Simple columnar epithelium
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Nociliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gall bladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi uterine tubes and the uterus
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Simple columnar epithelium
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Single layer of cells of differing heights all touching the basement membrane
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Secretion, particulary of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Protection; secretion
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Stratified columnar Epithelium
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Rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
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Stratified columnar Epithelium
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Protection
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Stratified cuboidal Epithelium
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Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
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Stratified cuboidal Epithelium
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Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
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Transitional Epithelium
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Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra
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Transitional Epithelium
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Gives rise to all other connective tissue types
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Mesenchyme
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Primarily in embryo
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mesenchyme
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Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid
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Loose connective tissue Areolar connective tissue
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Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g. forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
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Loose connective tissue Areolar connective tissue
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Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
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Loose connective tissue Adipose tissue
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Under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; withing abdomen; in breasts.
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Loose connective tissue Adipose tissue
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Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types
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Loose connective tissue Reticular connective tissue
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Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes; bone marrow; and spleen
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Loose connective tissue Reticular connective tissue
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Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Major cell type is fibroblast
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Dermis of skin; submucosa of digestive tract; fibrous capsules of organs and of joints
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
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Dense regular connective tissue
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Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.
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Dense regular connective tissue
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Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an impercepitble network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lucunae
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Hyaline cartilage
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Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress
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Hyaline cartilage
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Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
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Hyaline cartilage
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Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
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Elastic cartilage
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Supports the external ear (pinna); epigiottis
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Elastic cartilage
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Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
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Fibrocartilage
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intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
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Fibrocartilage
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Bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
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Bone
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Contained within blood vessels
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blood
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Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances
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blood
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Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity
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Nervous Tissue
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Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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Nervous tissue
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Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control
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Skeletal muscle
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Muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
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Skeletal muscle
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As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control
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Cardiac muscle
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Has intercalated discs, branching of cells and striations
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Cardiac muscle
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Proples substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby, blood) along internal passageways; involuntary control
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Smooth Muscle
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Mostly in the walls of hollow organs
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Smooth Muscle
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A protein that expands the width of the cell membrane
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Transmembrane protein
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The majority of ATP is produced in?
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The Mitochondria
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Part of the nerve cell that transports electrical signals
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Axion
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Scar tissue is mainly made up of
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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The most common type of cell in connective tissue is
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Fibroblast
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The second most common type of cell in connective tissue is
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Adipose
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Dense Regular connective tissue is also called?
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Fibirous connective
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Predominant element of dense regular is
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fibers
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The thickness of the plasma membrane is?
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7-10nm
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In the fluid mosaic model what floats forming a constantly changing pattern?
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proteins
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Two types of proteins in cell membrane
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Intergral and peripheral
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These cells consume lots of energy in the body contributing to body wasting and weight loss
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Cancer cells
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What are the three types of Membranes in the body?
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Cutaneous, Mucous, Serous
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What is the membrane lining surrounding the lungs?
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pleura
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What is the membrane lining the abdomen?
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Peritoneum
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What is the membrane surrounding the heart?
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Pericardial
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This is made of stratified squamous epithelium firmly attached to a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue. it is a dry membrane
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Cutaneous
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They line the body cavities that open to the exterior, usually has stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelia
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Mucous or Mucosa
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Moist membranes found in the closed ventral body cavities, made of simple squamous epithelium
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Serous membranes
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Tissues that are constantly dividing are most prone to?
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Cancers
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a broad flat sheet of dense fibrous collagenous connective tissue that covers, invests, and forms the terminations and attachments of various muscles
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Aponeurosis
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These are cells located in the cell membrane thought to be a communication cell
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Lipid Rafts
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Polar
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Hydrophillic
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Non Polar
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Hydrophobic
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