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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The scrotum
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Scrotum-
ANATOMY (1) is a sac of skin and superficial fascia (2) hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis (3)houses the testes (pp. 1025–1026; Figs. 27.1–27.2). |
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The scrotum
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Scrotum-
FUNCTIONS: (1) It provides an environment 3° below the core body temperature. (as required for VIABLE SPERM PRODUCTION) (2) It responds to temperature changes. |
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The testes
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Testes-
FUNCTION: (1) the primary reproductive organ of the male (2) producing both sperm and testosterone (pp. 1026–1028; Figs. 27.1–27.3). |
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The testes
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The testes
Testes- ANATOMY (1) Covered externally by the "tunica albuginea " (2) Tunica albuginea-divides the testis into many lobules (3) Each lobule contains (a) seminiferous tubules -produce sperm (b) interstitial cells-produce androgens (testosterone) |
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Tunica albuginea
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Tunica albuginea-
(1) covers the testes (2) divides the testis into many lobules |
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Lobule
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Lobule-
ANATOMY (1) Each lobule contains (a) seminiferous tubules -produce sperm (b) interstitial cells-produce androgens (testosterone) |
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Seminferous tubules
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Seminiferous Tubules -
-produce sperm |
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Androgens
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Androgens-
Hormones ????? |
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The Penis
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Penis-
FUNCTION: (1) is the copulatory organ (2) designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract (p. 1028; Figs. 27.1, 27.4). |
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The Penis
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The Penis
ANATOMY: (1) The penis is made of an attached root, and a free shaft /body that ends in the glans. (2) The prepuce, (foreskin) covers the penis and may be slipped back to form a cuff around the glans. (3) Internally the penis contains two erectile tissues. (a) the corpus spongiosum (b) the corpora cavernosum, |
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The Glans
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Glans-
The head of the penis |
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The Prepuce
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Prepuce-
(aka foreskin) covers the penis and may be slipped back to form a cuff around the glans |
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Corpus Spongiosum
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Corpus Spongiosum-
ANATOMY (1) Erectile tissue of the penis (2) two lateral segments at the inferior portion of the penis |
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Corpus cavernosa
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Corpus cavernosa-
ANATOMY (1) Erectile tissue of the penis (2) one segment on the superior portion of the penis |
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Erection
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Erection-
(1) Engorgement of the erectile tissue with BLOOD triggered during sexual excitement (2) causing the enlargement of the penis (becomes rigid) (3) Controlled by the PARASYMPATHETIC reflexes |
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Male perineum-
Region encompassed by: (1) pubic symphysis (2) ischial tuberosities (3) coccyx |
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Epididymis
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Epididymis-
ANATOMY (1) hugs the external surface of the testis (2) consists of a highly coiled tube FUNCTION: (1) provides a place for immature sperm to MATURE and to be expelled during ejaculation. (2) STORAGE |
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Ductus (vas) deferens
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Ductus (vas) deferens-
carries sperm from storage sites in the epididymis, through the inguinal canal, over the bladder, and into the ejaculatory duct. |
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Ductus deferens
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Ductus deferens (aka vas deferens)-
ANATOMY (1) extends from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct (2) its terminus FUSES with the duct of the seminal vescicle --> forming the ejaculatory duct (which empties into the urethra within the prostate FUNCTION: (1) propels sperm into the URETHRA by persitalsis during ejactulation |
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Ejaculatory duct
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Ejaculatory duct-
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Urethra
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Urethra-
ANATOMY: is the terminal portion of the male duct system FUNCTION: carries both (1) urine (2) sperm (not at the same time) to the exterior environment. |
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The Male Duct System-
ANATOMY (???) (1) Epididymis (2) Vas deferens (2) Urethra |
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Accessory Glands
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Accessory Glands-????
FUNCTION: (1) produce the bulk of the semen ANATOMY??? (1) ducts (seminal vesicles???) (2) glands (prostate gland, bulourethral glands???) (3) external genitalia (P 1024) |
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Semen
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Semen-
Milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of (1) sperm (2) accessory gland secretions FUNCTION: (1) alkaline fluid-that dilutes and TRANSPORTS sperm COMPONENTS: (1) "nutrients" (fructose-from seminal vesicles) (2) "prostaglandins"(activating fluid-prostate) (3) "antibiotic chemicals" (mucus-bulbourethral glands) |
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Seminal vesicles
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Seminal vesicles-
ANATOMY (1) lie on the posterior bladder wall (2) and their alkaline secretion accounts for 60% of the volume of semen Containing (1) fructose, (2) ascorbic acid, a (3) coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and (4) prostaglandins |
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Prostate gland
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Prostate gland-
FUNCTION: (1) is responsible for producing a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing (a) citrate, (b) several enzymes, and (c.) prostate-specific antigen (2) making up about 1/3 of the semen. |
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Bulbourethral glands
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Bulbourethral glands (aka Cowper's glands)
FUNCTION: (1) produce a thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation (2) that neutralizes any acidic urine in the urethra. |
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Ejaculation
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Ejaculation-
(1) is the propulsion of semen from the male duct system (2) triggered by the SYMPATHETIC nervous system. (3) Part of the male ORGASM |
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Male Orgasm
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Male Orgasm-
(1) Includes ejaculation ???? Check info on ppt slides (2) pleasurable sensations (3) increased pulse (4) increased blood pressure |
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Gametes
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Gametes-
(1) sperm-male (2) ovum??? |
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Meiosis-
The basis of gamete production (1) consists of two consecutive nuclear divisions w/o DNA REPLICATION in between (2) production of 4 daughter cells (3) REDUCES the chromosomal number by 1/2 (introduces GENETIC VARIABILITY UNIQUE TO MEIOSIS (1) include synapsis (2) crossover of homologous chromosomes |
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Meiosis II
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Meiosis II -
(1) starts off with the products of Meiosis I (2 daughter cells) (2)resembles mitosis in every way (3) except the chromatids are separated into 4 daughter cells. |
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Spermatogenesis
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Spermatogenesis-
(1) begins when the spermatogonia divide to produce type A daughter cells that maintain the stem cell line (2) and type B daughter cells that get pushed toward the lumen to become primary spermatocytes and ultimately sperm. (3) occurs in the seminiferous tubules |
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Spermatogonia
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Spermatogonia-???
(1) Divide by mitosis to maintain the germ cell line (2) Some of their progeny become PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES (which undergo Meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes) |
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Spermatocytes
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Spermatocyte-
PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE (1) undergoes meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes, SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE (1) which then undergo meiosis II to form 4 haploid (n) spermatids |
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Spermatids
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Spermatids-
Are converted to functional sperm by spermiogenesis (1) during which superfluous cytoplasm is stripped away (2) an acrosome and flagellum (tail) are produced |
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Spermiogenesis -
(1) is a streamlining process that strips the spermatid of excess cytoplasm and forms a tail, (2) resulting in a sperm with a head, a midpiece, and a tail. |
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Sperm- (or Spermatozoan???)
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Sustentacular cells
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Sustentacular cells
Sustentacular cells (aka Sertoli cells) - (1) form a blood-testis barrier that prevents membrane-bound antigens from escaping into the bloodstream (2) nourish spermatogenic cells (3) move them toward the lumen of the tubules (4) secrete fluid for sperm transport |
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Brain-testicular axis
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Brain-testicular axis -
refers to the relationship and interactions between (1) hypothalamus (2) anterior pituitary gland (3) the testes. |
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GnRH
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GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
(1) Produced by the HYPOTHALAMUS (2) stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH |
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FSH
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FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
(1) causes SUSTENTACULAR CELLS to produce ABP (androgen-binding protein) (2) indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis |
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LH
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LH (aka ICHS-interstitial cell-stimulating hormone)
(1) stimulates interstitial cells to produce TESTOSTERONE (2) Testosterone BINDS to ABP, stimulating spermatogenesis |
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Testosterone (hormonal regulation)
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Testosterone (hormonal regulation)
FUNCTION: (1) inhibits hypothalamic release of GnRH (2) acts directly on the anterior pituitary gland to inhibit gonadotropin release |
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Inhibin
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Inhibin-
(1) is produced by the sustentacular cells and released when sperm count is high. (2) also works with Testosterone-feedback to INHIBIT hypothalamus & anterior pituitary |
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Testosterone (Mechanisms)
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Testosterone (Mechanisms)
(1) is synthesized from cholesterol (2) exerts its effects by activating specific genes to be transcribed. (3) targets accessory organs (ducts, glands, and penis), causing them to grow and assume adult size and function. |
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Testosterone (Effects)
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Testosterone (Effects)
Testosterone- (1) stimulates maturation of the male reproductive organs (2) triggers the development of male secondary sex characteristics: (a) pubic, axillary, and facial hair, (b) deepening of the voice (c.)thickening of the skin (d) increase in oil production (e) an increase in bone and skeletal muscle size and mass. (anabolic effects) (3) stimulates SPERMATOGENESIS (4) responsible for sex drive |