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89 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are sphincters?

Internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, bile, blood and other materials within the body

Sleletal muscles produce ____ of our body heat

85%

What is glycemic control?

Regulation of blood glucose concentrations within its normal range

What is the endomysium in what does it do?

It is a thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber. It allows room capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber. Provides extra cellular chemical environment for the muscle fiber and its associated nerve ending

What is the perimysium?

Slightly thicker of connective tissue. Carry larger nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors

What are fascicles?

Bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium

What is the epimysium? What does ot do?

Fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle. Outer surface grades into the fascia. Inner surface sends projections between fascicles to form perimysium

What is fascia?

Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue

What are muscle compartments?

A group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated from others by connective tissue fascia

In muscle compartments, what separates one compartment from another?

Intermuscular septa

What connective tissue attaches bone to muscle?

Tendons

What is aponeurosis?

Tendon is a broad, flat sheet (palmar aponeurosis)

What is a retinaculum?

Connective tissue band that tendons from separate muscles pass under

Define origin.

Bony attachment at stationary end of muscle

Define insertion.

Funny attachment to mobile end of muscle

Define belly (in myology terms)

Thicker, middle region of muscle between origin and insertion

What is an action?

The effects produced by a muscle to produce or prevent movement

What is the prime mover (agonist)?

Muscle that produces most of the force during an action

What is the synergist?

The muscle that aids the prime mover. It:


-stabilizes the nearby joint


-modifies the direction of movement

What is the antagonist?

It opposes the prime mover. It:


-relaxes to give the prime mover control over an action


-prevents excessive movement and injury

What are antagonistic pairs?

Muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint

What is a fixator?

Muscle that prevents movement of bone

What are intrinsic muscles?

Entirely contained within a region, such as the hand (both its origin and insertion in one area)

What are extrinsic muscles?

Act on a designated region, but has its origin elsewhere (ex. Fingers, muscles in the forearm)

What is innervation?

Refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates the muscle. -enables the diagnosis of nerve, spinal cord, and brainstem injuries from their effects on muscle function

What is the plexus?

A weblike network of spinal nerves adjacent to the vertebral column

Where do the spinal nerves arise, emerge, and innervate?

They arise from the spinal cord, emerge through intervertebral foramina, innervate muscles below the neck

Where do cranial nerves arise, emerge, and innervate?

They arise from the base of the brain, emerge through skull foramina, innervate the muscles of the head and neck

What are the muscles involved in chewing and swallowing?

Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

What are the neck flexor muscles?

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes

What are the neck extensor muscles?

Trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis

Breathing requires the use of muscles enclosing the thoracic cavity. Which muscles perform this action?

Diaphragm, external intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal muscles

Where is the diaphragm located?

Between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

What is contraction (in terms of the diaphragm)?

Flattens the diaphragm

What is relaxation (in terms of the diaphragm)?

It rises the diaphragm

What do the external intercostals do? 3 actions

Elevates ribs, expands the thoracic cavity, creates a partial vacuum causing inflow of air

What do the internal intercostals do? 3 actions

Depresses and retracts ribs, compresses the thoracic cavity, expells air

What is the perineum?

A diamond shaped region between the thighs

What is a hernia?

Any condition in which the viscera protrudes through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

What is a inguinal hernia?

The most common type of hernia. Viscera enter inguinal canal or even the scrotum

What is a hiatal hernia?

Stomach protrudes through the diaphram into the thorax. Occurs in overweight people over 40

What is a umbilical hernia?

Viscera protrude through the navel

What does the trapezius do?

Stabilizes the scapula and shoulder, elevates and depresses shoulder apex

What is flexor retinaculum?

Bracelet-like fibrous sheet, which the flexor tendons of thr extrinisic muscles that flex the wrist pass on their way to their insertions

What is carpal tunnel?

Tight space beween the flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones?

What are the 5 universal characterisitics of muscle?

Responsiveness, conductivity, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity

What is the sarcolemma?

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

What is the sarcoplasm?

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber

What are microfibrils?

Long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the sarcoplasm

What is glycogen?

Storage form of glucose

What is myoglobin?

Red pigment; stores oxygen needed for muscle activity

What are myoblasts?

Stem cells that form to fuse each muscle fiber

What are satellite cells?

Unspecialized myoblasts remaining between the muscle fiber and endomysium

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril:calcium reservior

What is terminal cisternae?

Dialated end-sacs of SR which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other

What are T tubulues?

Tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side

What is a triad?

A T tubule and two terminal cisterns

What are proteins that occur in all cells?

Myosin and actin

What is a sacromere?

Segment from z disc to z disc

What is denervation atrophy?

Shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when connection not restored

What are somatic motor neurons?

Nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord that serve skeletal muscles

What are somatic motor fibers?

Their axons that lead to the skeletal muscle

What is a motor unit?

One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it

How many muscle fibers are in the average motor unit?

200 muscle fibers

Is it small or large motor units that are for a fine degree of control ?

Small motor units. They have 3-6 muscle fibers per neuron

Is it small or large motor units that are more for strength than control?

Large motor units. 1000 muscle fibers per neuron

What are electrically excitable cells?

Muscle fibers and neurons

What is electrophysiology?

The study of the electrical activity of cells

What is resting membrane potential?

About 90 mV (maintained by sodium potassium pump)

What is an unstimulated (resting) cell?

There are more anions (negative ions) on the inside of the plasma membrane than on the outside

What is a stimulated (active) cell?

Ion gates open the plasma membrane, Na+ instantly diffuses down its concentration gradient into the cell

What is depolarization?

Inside of the plasma membrane becomes breifly positive

What is spastic paralysis?

A state of continual contraction of the muscles; possible suffocation

What is tetanus?

A form of spastic paralysis caused by toxin clostridium tetani

What is flaccid paralysis?

A state in which the muscles are limp and cannot contract

What is botulism?

A type of food poisoning caused by a neuromuscular toxin secreted by the bacterium clostridium botulinum

What is an example of botulism?

Botox

What are the 4 behaviors of skeletal muscle fibers?

Excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction, relaxation

What is rigor mortis?

Hardening of the muscles and stiffening of the body beginning 3-4 hours after death

What is a myogram?

A chart of the timing and strength of a muscles contraction

What is a threshold?

The minimum voltage necessary to produce a contraction

What is a twitch?

A quick cycle of contraction when stimulus is at threshold or higher

What is the latent period?

2 ms delay between the onset of stimulus and the onset of twitch response

What is a contraction phase?

Phase in which filaments slide and the muscle shortens

What is a subthreshold stimulus?

No contraction at all

Temp of the muscles makes the muscle contract ____; enzymes work _____

Stronger;quicker

10-20 stimuli per second produces ____

Treppe

20-40 stimuli oer second produces _____

Incomplete tetanus

40-50 stimuli per second produces _____

Complete tetanus