Anatomy And Physiology Exam 3 (Muscles)

Front 1

What are sphincters?

Back 1

Internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, bile, blood and other materials within the body

Front 2

Sleletal muscles produce ____ of our body heat

Back 2

85%

Front 3

What is glycemic control?

Back 3

Regulation of blood glucose concentrations within its normal range

Front 4

What is the endomysium in what does it do?

Back 4

It is a thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber. It allows room capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber. Provides extra cellular chemical environment for the muscle fiber and its associated nerve ending

Front 5

What is the perimysium?

Back 5

Slightly thicker of connective tissue. Carry larger nerves and blood vessels, and stretch receptors

Front 6

What are fascicles?

Back 6

Bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium

Front 7

What is the epimysium? What does ot do?

Back 7

Fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle. Outer surface grades into the fascia. Inner surface sends projections between fascicles to form perimysium

Front 8

What is fascia?

Back 8

Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue

Front 9

What are muscle compartments?

Back 9

A group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated from others by connective tissue fascia

Front 10

In muscle compartments, what separates one compartment from another?

Back 10

Intermuscular septa

Front 11

What connective tissue attaches bone to muscle?

Back 11

Tendons

Front 12

What is aponeurosis?

Back 12

Tendon is a broad, flat sheet (palmar aponeurosis)

Front 13

What is a retinaculum?

Back 13

Connective tissue band that tendons from separate muscles pass under

Front 14

Define origin.

Back 14

Bony attachment at stationary end of muscle

Front 15

Define insertion.

Back 15

Funny attachment to mobile end of muscle

Front 16

Define belly (in myology terms)

Back 16

Thicker, middle region of muscle between origin and insertion

Front 17

What is an action?

Back 17

The effects produced by a muscle to produce or prevent movement

Front 18

What is the prime mover (agonist)?

Back 18

Muscle that produces most of the force during an action

Front 19

What is the synergist?

Back 19

The muscle that aids the prime mover. It:

-stabilizes the nearby joint

-modifies the direction of movement

Front 20

What is the antagonist?

Back 20

It opposes the prime mover. It:

-relaxes to give the prime mover control over an action

-prevents excessive movement and injury

Front 21

What are antagonistic pairs?

Back 21

Muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint

Front 22

What is a fixator?

Back 22

Muscle that prevents movement of bone

Front 23

What are intrinsic muscles?

Back 23

Entirely contained within a region, such as the hand (both its origin and insertion in one area)

Front 24

What are extrinsic muscles?

Back 24

Act on a designated region, but has its origin elsewhere (ex. Fingers, muscles in the forearm)

Front 25

What is innervation?

Back 25

Refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates the muscle. -enables the diagnosis of nerve, spinal cord, and brainstem injuries from their effects on muscle function

Front 26

What is the plexus?

Back 26

A weblike network of spinal nerves adjacent to the vertebral column

Front 27

Where do the spinal nerves arise, emerge, and innervate?

Back 27

They arise from the spinal cord, emerge through intervertebral foramina, innervate muscles below the neck

Front 28

Where do cranial nerves arise, emerge, and innervate?

Back 28

They arise from the base of the brain, emerge through skull foramina, innervate the muscles of the head and neck

Front 29

What are the muscles involved in chewing and swallowing?

Back 29

Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

Front 30

What are the neck flexor muscles?

Back 30

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes

Front 31

What are the neck extensor muscles?

Back 31

Trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis

Front 32

Breathing requires the use of muscles enclosing the thoracic cavity. Which muscles perform this action?

Back 32

Diaphragm, external intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal muscles

Front 33

Where is the diaphragm located?

Back 33

Between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Front 34

What is contraction (in terms of the diaphragm)?

Back 34

Flattens the diaphragm

Front 35

What is relaxation (in terms of the diaphragm)?

Back 35

It rises the diaphragm

Front 36

What do the external intercostals do? 3 actions

Back 36

Elevates ribs, expands the thoracic cavity, creates a partial vacuum causing inflow of air

Front 37

What do the internal intercostals do? 3 actions

Back 37

Depresses and retracts ribs, compresses the thoracic cavity, expells air

Front 38

What is the perineum?

Back 38

A diamond shaped region between the thighs

Front 39

What is a hernia?

Back 39

Any condition in which the viscera protrudes through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 40

What is a inguinal hernia?

Back 40

The most common type of hernia. Viscera enter inguinal canal or even the scrotum

Front 41

What is a hiatal hernia?

Back 41

Stomach protrudes through the diaphram into the thorax. Occurs in overweight people over 40

Front 42

What is a umbilical hernia?

Back 42

Viscera protrude through the navel

Front 43

What does the trapezius do?

Back 43

Stabilizes the scapula and shoulder, elevates and depresses shoulder apex

Front 44

What is flexor retinaculum?

Back 44

Bracelet-like fibrous sheet, which the flexor tendons of thr extrinisic muscles that flex the wrist pass on their way to their insertions

Front 45

What is carpal tunnel?

Back 45

Tight space beween the flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones?

Front 46

What are the 5 universal characterisitics of muscle?

Back 46

Responsiveness, conductivity, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity

Front 47

What is the sarcolemma?

Back 47

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Front 48

What is the sarcoplasm?

Back 48

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber

Front 49

What are microfibrils?

Back 49

Long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the sarcoplasm

Front 50

What is glycogen?

Back 50

Storage form of glucose

Front 51

What is myoglobin?

Back 51

Red pigment; stores oxygen needed for muscle activity

Front 52

What are myoblasts?

Back 52

Stem cells that form to fuse each muscle fiber

Front 53

What are satellite cells?

Back 53

Unspecialized myoblasts remaining between the muscle fiber and endomysium

Front 54

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Back 54

Smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril:calcium reservior

Front 55

What is terminal cisternae?

Back 55

Dialated end-sacs of SR which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other

Front 56

What are T tubulues?

Back 56

Tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side

Front 57

What is a triad?

Back 57

A T tubule and two terminal cisterns

Front 58

What are proteins that occur in all cells?

Back 58

Myosin and actin

Front 59

What is a sacromere?

Back 59

Segment from z disc to z disc

Front 60

What is denervation atrophy?

Back 60

Shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when connection not restored

Front 61

What are somatic motor neurons?

Back 61

Nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord that serve skeletal muscles

Front 62

What are somatic motor fibers?

Back 62

Their axons that lead to the skeletal muscle

Front 63

What is a motor unit?

Back 63

One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it

Front 64

How many muscle fibers are in the average motor unit?

Back 64

200 muscle fibers

Front 65

Is it small or large motor units that are for a fine degree of control ?

Back 65

Small motor units. They have 3-6 muscle fibers per neuron

Front 66

Is it small or large motor units that are more for strength than control?

Back 66

Large motor units. 1000 muscle fibers per neuron

Front 67

What are electrically excitable cells?

Back 67

Muscle fibers and neurons

Front 68

What is electrophysiology?

Back 68

The study of the electrical activity of cells

Front 69

What is resting membrane potential?

Back 69

About 90 mV (maintained by sodium potassium pump)

Front 70

What is an unstimulated (resting) cell?

Back 70

There are more anions (negative ions) on the inside of the plasma membrane than on the outside

Front 71

What is a stimulated (active) cell?

Back 71

Ion gates open the plasma membrane, Na+ instantly diffuses down its concentration gradient into the cell

Front 72

What is depolarization?

Back 72

Inside of the plasma membrane becomes breifly positive

Front 73

What is spastic paralysis?

Back 73

A state of continual contraction of the muscles; possible suffocation

Front 74

What is tetanus?

Back 74

A form of spastic paralysis caused by toxin clostridium tetani

Front 75

What is flaccid paralysis?

Back 75

A state in which the muscles are limp and cannot contract

Front 76

What is botulism?

Back 76

A type of food poisoning caused by a neuromuscular toxin secreted by the bacterium clostridium botulinum

Front 77

What is an example of botulism?

Back 77

Botox

Front 78

What are the 4 behaviors of skeletal muscle fibers?

Back 78

Excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction, relaxation

Front 79

What is rigor mortis?

Back 79

Hardening of the muscles and stiffening of the body beginning 3-4 hours after death

Front 80

What is a myogram?

Back 80

A chart of the timing and strength of a muscles contraction

Front 81

What is a threshold?

Back 81

The minimum voltage necessary to produce a contraction

Front 82

What is a twitch?

Back 82

A quick cycle of contraction when stimulus is at threshold or higher

Front 83

What is the latent period?

Back 83

2 ms delay between the onset of stimulus and the onset of twitch response

Front 84

What is a contraction phase?

Back 84

Phase in which filaments slide and the muscle shortens

Front 85

What is a subthreshold stimulus?

Back 85

No contraction at all

Front 86

Temp of the muscles makes the muscle contract ____; enzymes work _____

Back 86

Stronger;quicker

Front 87

10-20 stimuli per second produces ____

Back 87

Treppe

Front 88

20-40 stimuli oer second produces _____

Back 88

Incomplete tetanus

Front 89

40-50 stimuli per second produces _____

Back 89

Complete tetanus