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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a person's average stroke volume?
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70 ml
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Which layer over the heart is the most superficial?
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Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)
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How does myoglobin play a role in the heart muscle?
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When the muscle is damaged, myoglobin is released and can be detected.
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What is perfusion?
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The amount of blood flowing through a tissue
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How is cardiac output measured?
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Stroke volume * Heart Rate
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Blood flows from the pulmonary veins into the _______________.
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Left Atrium
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What valve does blood pass through after the left ventricle?
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Aortic Valve
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What's another name for the tricuspid valve?
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Right Atrio-ventricular Valve
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What valve does blood pass through after the right ventricle?
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Pulmonary Valve
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Where does blood flow after the pulmonary veins?
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Left Atrium
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What is the rounded opening between right and left atria in fetal hearts?
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Foramen Ovale
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What's another name for a baby w/ a "hole in it's heart" and what is the defect?
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Atrial Septal Defect, hole tetween atria is too big
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What is a ductus arteriosus?
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Connection between pulmony artery and aorta, found in fetuses
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What is a ligamentum arteriosum?
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Reminants of the ductus arteriosus, which connected the aorta and pulmonary artery as a fetus
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What color is the blood in the umbilical vein?
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Red
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Where does the umbilical vein run to and from?
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Placenta to baby
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How many umbilical veins and arteries are there?
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1 vein, 2 arteries
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What is atherosclerosis?
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Soft fatty plaque development in artery wall, slow/stops flow
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What is coronary circulation?
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Blood flow to myocardium
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What vessel from the leg is used in bypass surger?
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Great Saphenous Vein (medial thigh)
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What is the purpose of a stent?
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Uncoils in a blood vessel to keep it propped open and allow blood to flow
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During ventricular contraction, is systolic BP measured or diastolic?
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Systolic
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Where are the two locations that BP can be taken?
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1. Brachial Artery
2. Femoral Artery |
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When determining hypertension, what is more important, systolic BP or diastolic? What must that number be to conclude hypertension?
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Diastolic - >90
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How many times must someone's BP be measured before determining whether or not they are hypertensive?
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3 Times
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What is an aneurysm?
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Abnormal widening or ballooning of part of a blood vessel due to weak vessel and sometimes high BP
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Other than your heart, what organ often becomes damaged in people with hypertension?
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Kidneys - Urine may have blood
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What is a normal BP for a person of 85 years?
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140/85
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What do betablockers do?
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Allows vasodilation, good for hypertension
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Hypotension can cause failure and damage in what 3 organs?
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Brain, kidney, and liver
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How can the Rh factor of a mom give the second child "bad blood"?
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Rh (-) mom bears Rh (+) child. As a result she produces Rh (+) antibodies which lyses Rh (+) blood of next baby.
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What is the medical name for "bad blood?" (2 names)
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Hemolytic Disease of Newborn, or "Erythroblastosis fetalis"
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What are three common results of erythroblastosis fetalis?
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Low birth weight, still birth, mental deficiency
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What is rhogam used for and what does it do?
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Rhogam is used if a baby tests Rh (+) and mom is Rh (-). Stops Rh (+) antibody from forming in mom
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What are the 3 forms of granulocytes?
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1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils |
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What are the 2 forms of agranulocytes?
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1. Monocytes
2. Lymphocytes |
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What (granulocyte) is the most abundant in a healthy person? How does it play a role in immunity?
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Neutrophils - they kill bacteria by phagocytosis
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What (granulocyte) destroys parasites? How does it do it?
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Eosinophils - They destroy antigen and antibody complexes
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What (granulocyte) secretes heparin and histamine?
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Basophil
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What (agranulocyte) destroys by phagocytosis?
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Monocytes
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What (agranulocyte) is considered the body's "bomb" defense?
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Lymphocytes
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What are the two types of lymphocytes?
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B-cells and T-cells
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What type of cells are plasma cells, and what do they do?
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B-cells, produce antibodies
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Which cells, upon exposure to antigens, stimulate intermediate antibody responses?
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Memory Cells
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What kind of cells are memory cells?
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B-cells, Lymphocytes, Agranulocytes
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What do T-helper cells do? What kind of cells are they?
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Stimulate proliferation, Lymphocytes
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What type of molecule is an antibody? How does an antibody work?
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Protein, Works as a missle by searching out tagged bacteria
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Which types of white blood cells are comparable to "bouncers at the door" in their defense?
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Monocytes and neutrophils
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What does heparin do?
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Anticoagulant, secretes histamine
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What does histamine do?
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Allows vasodilation
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What cells does the HIV virus reside in?
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T helper cells
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What does the term "hemostasis" refer to?
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Stopping bleeding
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What is the first step in the clotting process?
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Vascular spasm (smooth muscle and artery or vein start to contract)
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Name the three steps in the clotting process.
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1. Vascular Spasm
2. Platelet plug forms 3. Coagulation |
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In the clotting process, what specifically happens when the platelet plug forms?
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Platelets stick to elastic and collagen fibers
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What are thrombocytes?
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Platelets
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The production of what is key to coagulation?
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Fibrin
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What traps red blood cells to form clots and scabs?
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Fibrin
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Where is fibrinogen produced?
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Liver
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What is the purpose of fibrinogen?
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To convert into fibrin when needed
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What is the biggest difference between fibrinogen and fibrin?
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Fibrinogen is soluble and fibrin is insoluble
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What is the purpose of thrombin?
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Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
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When and only when is thrombin present?
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When platelets are exposed to damaged tissue
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How many factors are needed to coagulate blood?
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12
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What is the condition where people cannot properly coagulate their own blood?
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Hemophilia
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What is a thrombus?
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Stationary blood clot
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What is an embolus?
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Free floating blood clot
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Define pulmonary embolism
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Blood clot forms and travels to pulmonary artery and gets stuck (death)
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What are 3 ways of fixing an intrinsic clot?
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1. Fibrinolysis
2. Anticoagulants 3. Injecting large amounts of plasmin |
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Plasmin is a ____________ that can digest clots
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Enzyme
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What cells secrete plasminogen factor and what is the effect?
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Endothelial cells - converts to plasmin
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What is the class of medication that prevents fibrin from forming?
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Anticoagulants
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How does a vaccine prepare a person's body for exposure to a certain virus?
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Exposed body to attenuated virus (weakened), makes memory and plasma cells
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What part of the brain does the vagus nerve stem from?
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Medulla Oblongata
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Saying that the heart is myogenic means what?
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That it has its own rhythm and pumps on its own
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What is bradycardia?
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Low heart rate
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What is trachycardia?
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High heart rate
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Does heart rate increase or decrease with age?
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Decrease
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What is the heart's order of impulse?
purkinje fibers, atrioventricular node, cardiac muscle cells stimulated, sinoatrial node, bundle branches |
SA node, AV node, Bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, cardiac muscle cells stimulated
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On an ECG, the P-wave represents what?
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Atrial depolarization
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On an ECG, the T-wave represents what?
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Ventricular repolarization
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On an ECG, the QRS complex represents what?
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Ventricular depolarization
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What is the normal pH of blood?
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7.35-7.45
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What is the normal temp of blood?
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100.4 F
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How many L of blood does an avg person have?
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4-6 L
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55% of blood is made up of what?
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Plasma
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Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogens, and Clotting Factors are all what?
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Plasma Proteins
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What is the function of LDL's
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Transport cholesterol
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What is the function of HDL's?
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Remove excess cholesterol from arteries
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What is the main ingredient of plasma that is sought in donations?
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Clotting factors
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Where are the formed elements of RBC's created?
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Red bone marrow
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What are hemocytoblasts?
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Stem Cells
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What is the lifespan of a RBC?
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120 days
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A lack of iron will result in a lack of __________ and _____.
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Oxygen and ATP
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Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the ____________, and stimulates ___________.
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Kidneys, production of RBC's
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People with emphysema have more or less RBC's than an average person?
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More
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What is polycythemia?
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Many blood cells
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What hormone in males produces RBC's?
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Testosterone
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What is an agglutination reaction?
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When an antigen and antibody match and clumping forms
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