Anatomy And Physiology 1: The Nervous System

Front 1

What does CNS stand for?

Back 1

Central nervous system

Front 2

What does PNS stand for?

Back 2

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 3

What does the CNS include?

Back 3

The brain and spinal cord

Front 4

What does the PNS include?

Back 4

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, skin, and enteric plexuses

Front 5

What organ contains the most receptors?

Back 5

the skin

Front 6

What does ENS stand for?

Back 6

Enteric Nervous system

Front 7

Where can you find the enteric plexuses?

Back 7

In the small intestine

Front 8

What are the 3 types of neurons in terms of their function?

Back 8

1-sensory neurons
2-Motor neurons
3-Intermediate/relay/interneuron

Front 9

Where are the intermediate/relay/interneurons usually found?

Back 9

In the CNS

Front 10

What are the afferent neurons?

Back 10

sensory neurons

Front 11

What type of functional neuron is this?

Back 11

Motor neuron

Front 12

Which neurons are efferent?

Back 12

Motor neurons

Front 13

Define Ganglia

Back 13

Collections of neuron cell bodies

Front 14

What is the ratio of neuroglia to cell bodies?

Back 14

1 cell body for every 9 neuroglia

Front 15

Define neuroglia

Back 15

Nervous system cells

Front 16

Define a bipolar neuron

Back 16

There is one dendrite and 1 axon

Front 17

What is another name for neuroglia?

Back 17

Glia

Front 18

Define a multipolar neuron

Back 18

There is one axon and several dendrites attached to cell body

Front 19

define unipolar neuron

Back 19

Have dendrites and one axon that are fused together

Front 20

Where would you find multipolar neurons?

Back 20

in the brain and spinal cord

Front 21

Where would you find bipolar neurons?

Back 21

in the retina of the eye, in the inner ear, and in the olfactory area of brain

Front 22

Where will you find Purkinje cells?

Back 22

in the cerebellum

Front 23

Where will you find pyramidal cells?

Back 23

in the cerebral cortex of the brain

Front 24

What are the 4 functions of astrocytes?

Back 24

1- Maintain blood-brain barrier
2-Create 3-D framework for CNS
3-Perform repairs guiding neuron development
4-Control composition of extracellular fluid

Front 25

What is the function of Olgiodencytes?

Back 25

Myelination of neurons in the CNS

Front 26

What is the purpose of myelination of neurons?

Back 26

it insulates the neuron

Front 27

Define Microglia

Back 27

Specialized immune cells of the CNS

Front 28

What are the 2 functions of ependymal cells?

Back 28

1-to line the chambers and passage filled with CSF
2-to assist in the circulation of CSF

Front 29

What is the function of Schwann cells?

Back 29

Myelination of neurons in PNS

Front 30

What does "gray Matter" represent?

Back 30

Unmyelinated regions of the brain or spinal cord

Front 31

What does "White Matter" represent?

Back 31

Myelinated regions of the brain or spinal cord

Front 32

What is the difference in how the gray and white matter is distributed in the spinal cord and the brain?

Back 32

Spinal Cord: Gray matter is central
Brain: White matter is cenral

Front 33

Define Driving Force

Back 33

Natural tendency of flowing to and from cell body by concentration gradient

Front 34

What are the 4 types of membrane channels?

Back 34

1-Leakage Channel
2-Voltage-gated Channel
3-Ligand-gated Channel
4-Mechanically-gated ion Channel

Front 35

Define Voltage-gated Channel

Back 35

It responds to a direct change in membrane potential

Front 36

When is an active transporter used as a bilayer channel?

Back 36

If ions are needing to go against the natural flow

Front 37

When is a passive transporter used as a bilayer channel?

Back 37

If ions just need a passageway to flow through

Front 38

At resting potential, what charge does the intermembrane of the excitable cell have?

Back 38

Negative

Front 39

At resting potential, what charge does the outermembrane of the excitable cell have?

Back 39

Positive

Front 40

Define Ligand-gated Channel

Back 40

Channel that opens and closes in response to chemical messenger stimulus by binding to the gate to open it.

Front 41

Define Ligand

Back 41

Chemical messenger that results in neuron excitability

Front 42

What are the two ways that axonal transport happens?

Back 42

1-Slow Axonal Flow
2-Fast Axonal Flow

Front 43

Explain what happens with slow axonal flow

Back 43

1-movement is in one direction: away from cell body
2-moves only 1-5 mm a day

Front 44

Explain what happens in fast axonal flow

Back 44

1-movement of organelles and materials along surface of microtubules
2-moves at 200-400 mm a day
3-Transports in either direction

Front 45

What is the Leakage channel mostly used for?

Back 45

Much more of Potassium(K) than for Sodium(Na)

Front 46

What does the Ligand-gated channel respond to?

Back 46

a specific chemical stimulus

Front 47

What does a mechanically-gated channel respond to?

Back 47

a mechanical vibration or pressure

Front 48

what are the structures called that are between axons?

Back 48

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 49

What are the 3 "types" of axons?

Back 49

Type A
Type B
Type C

Front 50

Which is the fastest type of axon?

Back 50

Type A

Front 51

Which is the biggest type of axon?

Back 51

Type A

Front 52

Which is the unmyelinated axon?

Back 52

Type C

Front 53

Which is faster, continuation or saltatory conduction?

Back 53

saltatory

Front 54

Define Agonist

Back 54

Anything that enhances a transmitter's effects; Excites

Front 55

Define Antagonist

Back 55

Anything that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter; inhibits

Front 56

When the word "potential" is said, what other word should come to mind?

Back 56

Voltage

Front 57

Is CO an antagonist or agonist?

Back 57

antagonist

Front 58

Define Synapse

Back 58

Gap between cells

Front 59

Which type of channel is necessary to respond to neurotransmitters?

Back 59

Ligand-gated channels

Front 60

What type of messenger is the neurotransmitter?

Back 60

chemical messenger

Front 61

Define Receptors

Back 61

Structures to which chemical messengers combine in a lock and key fashion

Front 62

Define Bind (in reference to the synaptic nerve)

Back 62

The act of a chemical messenger occupying the binding site of a receptor

Front 63

Define reuptake

Back 63

(endocytosis) A mechanism used to take extra neurotransmitter back to presynaptic cell

Front 64

What is the potential energy difference at resting potential?

Back 64

-70mV

Front 65

Give 2 reasons why resting membrane potential exists

Back 65

1-Concentration of ions is different inside then it is outside
2-Membrane permeability differs for sodium and potassium.

Front 66

How much greater is potassium's permeability than sodium's?

Back 66

50-100 times

Front 67

Define Hyper-polarization

Back 67

the membrane has become more negative than at resting potential

Front 68

Define Depolarization

Back 68

The membrane has become more positive than at resting potential

Front 69

Finish the sentence: There is a direct relationship between the strength of the stimulus and the__ _ __ ____ ___

Back 69

size of the voltage change

Front 70

Where do graded potentials occur most often in the neuron?

Back 70

in the dendrites and cell body of the neuron

Front 71

Define Action Potential

Back 71

A series of rapidly occurring events that change and then restore the membrane potential of a cell to its resting potential.

Front 72

What is the phase called when ion channels open and sodium rushes in?

Back 72

Depolarization

Front 73

What is the phase called when ion channels open and potassium rushes out?

Back 73

Repolarization

Front 74

What are the 2 gates in the sodium channel?

Back 74

1-activation gate
2-deactivation gate

Front 75

During the resting state which gates are open?

Back 75

neither. Both are closed.

Front 76

During the depolarization phase, which gates are open?

Back 76

The sodium gate is open.

Front 77

During Repolarization phase which gates are open?

Back 77

potassium gate is open.

Front 78

Which gates are open while repolarization phase is continuing?

Back 78

neither. Both are closed.

Front 79

What are the 2 types of refactory periods?

Back 79

1-Absolute refactory period
2-Relative refactory period

Front 80

What happens if an absolute refactory period happens?

Back 80

another activation can't happen

Front 81

What happens is a relative refactory period happens?

Back 81

The inactivation gate is open and the cell is ready to fire again.

Front 82

What tool gets the state back to resting potential?

Back 82

the sodium/potassium pump

Front 83

Define Spatial Summation

Back 83

When the post-synaptic neuron receives chemical messages from pre-synaptic neuronS

Front 84

Define Temporal summation

Back 84

the times that a presynaptic neuron gives bursts to post-synaptic neuron.

Front 85

Define EPSP

Back 85

Excitatory post synaptic potential.

Front 86

Define Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential.

Back 86

Depolarizing post-synaptic potential that results from the opening of a ligand-gated sodium channel(s)

Front 87

Define IPSP

Back 87

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

Front 88

Define Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

Back 88

Results from the opening of ligand-gated Cl- or K+ channels

Front 89

What are the 4 different potential circuits?

Back 89

1-Diverging
2-Converging
3-Oscillatory or reverberating
4-Parallel after-discharge

Front 90

Explain a converging circuit

Back 90

One cell is stimulated by many others

Front 91

Give an example of a converging circuit seen in the body

Back 91

the bipolar cells of the eye converging unto ganglion cells

Front 92

Explain Diverging circuit

Back 92

A single cell stimulates many others

Front 93

Give an example of a diverging circuit seen in the human body

Back 93

In visual circuitry (the eyes)

Front 94

Explain Oscillatory or reverberating circuit

Back 94

Impulses from later cells repeatedly stimulate early cells in the circuit.

Front 95

Give a couple of examples of reverberating or oscillatory circuits seen in the body

Back 95

1-waking
2-sleeping
3-short-term memory
4-breathing

Front 96

Explain Parallel after-discharge circuits

Back 96

A single cell stimulates a group of cells that all stimulate a common post synaptic cell

Front 97

When would you use a parallel after-discharge circuit?

Back 97

When attempting a math problem.

Front 98

If a nerve is damaged, which part of the nerve is usually the damaged part?

Back 98

the axon

Front 99

How far does retrograde degeneration extend?

Back 99

to the first neurofibril node

Front 100

Define Wallerian Degeneration

Back 100

Degeneration of the distal portion of the axon and myelin sheath

Front 101

Define Chromatalysis

Back 101

Break down of Nissl bodies into fine granular masses