Anatomy

Front 1

Describe how the liver obtains oxygenated blood

Back 1

Hepatic artery branches off the abdominal aorta and enters the hilus of the liver

Front 2

List the vessels of the liver hilus

Back 2

Hepatic artery, portal vein, common hepatic duct

Front 3

Looking from the rear of the liver, describe the 4 lobes

Back 3

1) Left lobe left of ligamentum venosum and ligamentum teres
2) Caudate lobe superior to hilus, right of ligamentum venosum and left of bare area.
3) Quadrate lobe right of ligamentum teres and inferior to hilus, left of gall bladder
4) Right lobe: right of caudate lobe, hilus and gall bladder and includes bare area.

Front 4

List the vessels on the 6 corners and centre of an hepatic lobule

Back 4

1) portal vein
2) hepatic artery
3) bile duct
4) central: central vein -> hepatic vein

Front 5

Describe the ligaments of the bare area and their relationship to the peritonia

Back 5

1) The coronary ligaments reflect the visceral peritonium upward against the diaghram and become the parietal peritonium.
2) The anterior leaves of the coronary ligaments become the falciform ligament
3) The posterior leaves become the lesser omentum.

Front 6

List the structures housed within the thoracic cavity

Back 6

2xpleural cavities, mediastinum contaning the heart, thymus, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Front 7

List the 3 vessels branching off the coeliac trunk

Back 7

1) splenic (left)
2) left gastric (up)
3) common hepatic (right)

Front 8

What is the 1st artery branching off the common hepatic artery

Back 8

Gastroduodenal

Front 9

What are the 2 arteries branching from the gastroduodenal

Back 9

1) superior pancreaticoduodenal
2) right gastro-omental

Front 10

What branches off the hepatic arteries

Back 10

1) right gastric
2) gastroduodenal
3) superior pancreaticoduodenal

Front 11

Describe the 3 layers of fasciae

Back 11

1) superficial within the reticular layer of the dermis
2) deep: surrounds muscles, nerves, bones, blood vessels
3) visceral: suspends organs within their cavities eg fibrous pericardium

Front 12

How can oedema deep within the thigh lead to tissue necrosis

Back 12

Oedema -> increased pressure due to unyielding fascia surrounding muscles -> constriction of blood vessels -> tissue necrosis

Front 13

Which parts of the skeleton does the pelvic girdle belong to

Back 13

Appendicular: ilium, ischium, pubis belong to the appendicular skeleton.
Axial: sacrum, sacraliliac joint

Front 14

Describe the formation and development of the embryonic disk

Back 14

1) Cells of cytotrophoblast distal to uterine cavity proliferate into amnion & space
2) Amnion towards centre of egg forms endoderm (next to yolk) and ectoderm (the embryonic disk)
3) Endoderm surrounds yolk sac, mesoderm forms and ectoderm surrounds amnionic space. 3 layers form the embryonic disk.

Front 15

Describe the general differentiation into structures by the germ layers

Back 15

Endoderm: epithelial lining of GI, respiratory tract, liver, GB, pancreas.
Mesoderm: muscle, bones, connective tissue, endothelium
Ectoderm: epidermis & nervous system

Front 16

List the locations of the enteric nerve plexi within the GI wall

Back 16

1) myenteric plexus between circular & longtitudinal layer
2) submucosal plexis in the submucosa

Front 17

List the layers of the GI tract

Back 17

1) serosa
2) Muscularis: longtitudinal, circular
3) submucosa
4) mucosa (muscularis mucosa, lamina propria, mucous epithelium)

Front 18

What are the 3 levels of control of motility & secretions of the GIT

Back 18

1) Neural
2) endocrine (gastrin, secretin, VIP, CCK, GIP, motilin)
3) Paracrine (histamine)

Front 19

Describe how sensory information from the GIT is acted on by the nervous systems

Back 19

1) parasympathetic afferents: mainly mechanoreceptors
2) sympathetic (splanchic) afferents: chemoreceptors
both within dorsal root ganglia
3) local afferents (sensory, secretory, mechanical)
All lead to respective efferents: smooth muscle coordination, secretions, hormones, vasodilation/constriction

Front 20

From medial to lateral, list the order of the most major vein, artery & nerve in the femoral triangle

Back 20

VAN - femoral vein, artery nerve

Front 21

Adduction

Back 21

Flaps like a duck ie brings arms closes to sides (saggital plane)

Front 22

List the boundaries of the femoral triangle relative to the centre

Back 22

superior: inguinal ligament
medial:adductor longus
lateral: sartorius

Front 23

Where is the rectus femoris relative to the femoral triangle

Back 23

Lateral to the sartorius

Front 24

Where is the gracilis relative to the femoral triangle

Back 24

Medial to the rector femoris

Front 25

What is posterior and anterior to the femoral triangle

Back 25

posterior: iliacus (lateral), pectineus (medial)
anterior: fascia lata and sartorius just beneath that

Front 26

Out of the aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, inferior vena cava, which carry oxygen

Back 26

aorta, pulmonary veins

Front 27

How is the femoral artery positioned relative to the femoral psoas muscles

Back 27

iliacus (lateral), pectineus (medial)

Front 28

List the 5 forms of shock

Back 28

1) cardiogenic
2) hypovolemic
3) septic
4) anaphylactic
5) neurogenic

Front 29

List the 3 main branches and sub-branches of the aortic arch

Back 29

Moving medial to lateral (right to left)
1) brachiocephalic (right common carotid, right subclavian)
2) left common carotid
3) left subclavian

Front 30

Describe the carotid sinus

Back 30

1) junction of the common carotid, internal & external carotids
2) has high pressure baroreceptors

Front 31

List the labellelled regions

Back 31

How many correct?

Front 32

List the blood vessels

Back 32

How many?

Front 33

Name the blood vessels

Back 33

How many did you get

Front 34

Define the subcostal plane

Back 34

Beneath the lowest point of the ribcage (1th rib) = top of L3

Front 35

Define the plane of the iliac crests

Back 35

Top of iliacs = top of T4

Front 36

Define the costal margin

Back 36

From the 7th costal cartilage at the xyphoid to the tip of the 12th rib

Front 37

From T9 down, define the vertebral surface landmarks

Back 37

T9: xyphoid
L1: transpyloric plane 1/2 way between the suprasternal notch & pubic symphysis
L3: subcostal margin beneath 10th rib
L4: posterior tops of illiac crests
L5: tubercles of the iliac crests

Front 38

Define the transpyloric plane and how it is a surfave marking for several organs

Back 38

Transpyloric plane = mid-way between suprasternal notch and pubic symphysis
1) duodenal flexure
2) pyloris
3) pancreatic neck
4) gallbladder fundus
5) hilus of the kidneys

Front 39

Describe the surface markings of the liver

Back 39

5-5-10 ie 5th rib on each side, 10th rib on right

Front 40

Describe the abdominal aorta according to surface markings

Back 40

Behind liver, slightly left of centre, bifurcating at plane of iliac creasts T4

Front 41

Describe the attachment of the diaphragm to the surface markings of the rib cage

Back 41

Joins at the xifisternal junction and goes up to the 5th rib on left & 4th rib on right around the nipple, then drops down to the bottom of the costal margin

Front 42

How do we landmark the vertical lateral lines of the abdomen

Back 42

At the mid point between the anterior superior iliac crest and the umbilicus

Front 43

Using surface markings, define the pubic cavity

Back 43

Bottom of L5, defined by the iliac spines down to the pubic symphysis

Front 44

Describe the surface landmarks of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

Back 44

Bifurcates at iliac creasts (L4)

Front 45

Describe the vertebral lebel of the sternal angle and the important relations

Back 45

Left base of the heart
Start of aortic arch
Bifurcation of trachea

Front 46

Describe the surface anatomy of the inferior vena cava

Back 46

Protrudes the diaphragm at T8, down along the right of the abdominal aorta and down to L5 and bifurcates. Both iliac veins are medial to the iliac arteries and the IVC passes behind the right iliac artery

Front 47

Describe the surface markings of the kidneys

Back 47

The lower pole at L3, Upper pole at T12, hilus at the transpyloric plane. The lateral margins also pass through the hilus. The right kidney is about 2cm below the left due to the liver. The suprarenal glands form a crescent on the left and a cone on the right, tucked behind the vena cava.

Front 48

Describe the surface markings of the duodenum

Back 48

Begins to the left of the vena cava at the trans pyloric plane, down to the bottom poles of the kidneys, crosses in front of the aorta and vena cava, and back up to L2.

Front 49

Describe the surface markings of the spleen

Back 49

Above the transpyloric plane just beneath the diaphragm, just lateral to the lateral line and located posteriorly

Front 50

Describe the surface markings of the spleen

Back 50

Head encircled by the duodenum, tail ends at the centre of the hylum of the spleen.

Front 51

How is does the stomach and duodenum differ in mucous secretion

Back 51

Stomach: epithelial mucosa and neck mucosal cells secrete directly into the lumen
duodenum: goblet cells within the submucosa secrete into ducts

Front 52

Compare the luminal surface anatomy and glands of the duodenum, small intestine and colon

Back 52

duodenum: villi and crypts, submucosal Brunner's and goblet cells lining villi and crypts
SI: villi & crypts, goblet cells lining villi and crypts
Colon: crypts, goblet cells lining surface and; crypts

Front 53

Signs of neonatal hypoglycemia

Back 53

-Jitteriness -Poor muscle tone -Diaphoresis
-Poor suck -Tachypnea -Dyspnea
-Cyanosis -Apnea -Low temp -High-pitched cry
-Irritability -Lethargy -Seizures, coma
-Some infants may be asymptomatic

Front 54

Describe P, C, and their location

Back 54

Parietal & chief cells of the gastric glands within the mucosa

Front 55

to gather, collect

Back 55

جَمَعَ
يجمع
الجمع

Front 56

List the anterior, posterior, superior, lateral left, lateral right relations of the pancreas

Back 56

anterior: 1st part of duodenum, lesser sac, stomach, transverse mesocolon
posterior: psoas, spenic artery & vein, left kidney & vessels, superior mesenteric artery & vein, portal vein, inferior vena cava aorta
left lateral: spleen
right lateral:: part 2 of duodenum,

Front 57

Layers of the stomach

Back 57

Outer longtitudinal
Inner circular
Innermost oblique

Front 58

Name the structures of the gastric gland

Back 58

Make sure you know why each is where it is

Front 59

Name the structures

Back 59

Make sure you know why each is where it is

Front 60

Ligaments: list the ones joining the femur to the hip

Back 60

pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ileofemoral

Front 61

Muscles: what is the main adductor muscle of the femur

Back 61

adductor magnis

Front 62

Describe the main duct draining lymph from the abdomen

Back 62

Thoracic duct: from the cysterna chyli (L1) to the junction of the left subclavian vein/internal jugular vein

Front 63

Describe the lymph nodes of the anterior neck

Back 63

Jugular trunk on both sides joining the subclavian trunks. Both drain into the respective subclavian veins that both drain into the SVC.

Front 64

Going from inferior to superior, list the major veins draining the abdominal viscera into the portal vein

Back 64

1) inferior mesenteric joining the spleni
2) superior mesenteric
3) gastro-epiploic anastomosing at spenic
4) gastric
5) cystic

Front 65

Starting at the celiac trunk moving inferiorly, describe the major abdominal arteries of the foregut

Back 65

1) CT -> LG anastomosing at hepatic
2) CT -> splenic -> left gastro-epiploic anastomosing at right gastroepiploic
3) CT -> common hepatic -> gastroduodenal -> right gastro-epiploic
4) gastroduodenal -> superior pancreaticoduodenal

Front 66

What organs of the midgut are supplied by the superior mesenteric

Back 66

1) 2nd part of duodenum down to first part transverse colon
2) head of pancreas

Front 67

List the organs of the hindgut supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery

Back 67

2nd 2/3 of transverse colon to 1st 1/2 of rectum

Front 68

Describe the boundaries of the abdominal cavity

Back 68

1) posterior abdominal wall
2) anterior & lateral: aponeurosis, transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis (divided by linea alba) and the aponeurosis, internal, external oblique

Front 69

Describe the origin, insertion, flexors and sheath of the rectus abdominis

Back 69

Origin: pubic tubercles
Insertion: sternum and lower ribs
Flexors: vertebral column
Above arcuate line: rectus pair surrounded anterior and posterior by sheath made up equally of ex and int oblique and transverse abdominal
Below arcuate line: all 3 muscles form anterior sheath of rectus pair, posterior is simply fascia.

Front 70

From posterior to anterior describe the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

Back 70

1) Quadratus lumboratum: 12th rib, lumbar transverse processes, iliac crest
2) psoas: origin t12 through sacrum and inserts at the femur

Front 71

describe the ligaments attached to the liver

Back 71

1) bare area: coronary ligaments (anterior & posterior) joining right triangular. left triangular joining falciform
2) falciform separates left lobe from quadrate (inferior) and caudate (superior) lobes

Front 72

What are the main branches of the portal vein

Back 72

1) left gastric (lesser curvature)
2) splenic (left epiploic -> greater curvature)
3) superior and inferior mesenteric

Front 73

Describe the features of a hepatic lobule

Back 73

1) Distally branches of the portal vein and artery drain into sinusoids which drain into a central vein that drains into the hepatic vein
2) Hepatocytes, straddling sinusoids and cannaliculi, excrete bile into cannaliculi and filter blood
3) Kupffer cells are macrophages within sinusoids

Front 74

Compare the anatomuy of the jejunum & ilium

Back 74

Jejunum: large distal arcades, long vasa recta, long numerous villi
Ilium: fatty mesentary, short vasa recta, fewer villi, lots of MALT

Front 75

describe the formation of "pouches" along the large intestine

Back 75

Haustra formed by contraction of teniae coli.

Front 76

What are the main structures of the middle ear

Back 76

1) Auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
2) Middle ear cavity
3) Tensor timpani (origin temporal bome, inserts malleus - CN5)
4) Stapedius (CN7)
5) Eustacian tube

Front 77

From the bottom up, describe the glands of the gastric gland

Back 77

1) Chief cells
2) Endocrine glands (ECL, G)
3) Parietal cells
4) Mucous neck cells

Front 78

In between the lumen of the stomach and the muscularis externa, what are the main features

Back 78

1) gastric pits
2) gastric epithelium (mucous secreting columnar)
3) Lamina propria
4) gastric glands (mucosal layer)
5) muscularis mucosa (submucosal plexus)
6) submucosa

Front 79

List the glandular cells prevalent in the pyloric antrum

Back 79

1) ECL (histamine)
2) G cells (gastrin)
3) D cells (somatostatin)

Front 80

How is the tracheobroncheal tree supplied with blood

Back 80

bronchial arteries directly from the aorta and from the intercostal arteries

Front 81

How is the blood supplied and drained from the lungs

Back 81

1) obtains oxygenated blood from the broncial artery and pulmonary vein (anatomic left to right shunt)
2) drains into azygous and hemiazygous veins

Front 82

Names

Back 82

helix (A11), antihelix (A12), scapha (A13), concha (A14), tragus (A15), antitragus (A16), and triangular fossa (A17)

Front 83

Names

Back 83

mallear stria (B19) is caused by the attachment of the manubrium of the malleus, which reaches to the umbo of the tympanic membrane (B20), the innermost point of the funnel-shaped eardrum. Above the upper end of the mallear stria (mallear prominence) lies a lax, thin part of the eardrum, the reddish pars flaccida (B21), which is separated from the firm, gray and shiny pars tensa (B22) by two mallear folds.

Front 84

Names

Back 84

Auricle (D1), external acoustic meatus (D2), tympanic cavity
(D3), mastoid cells (air cells) (A6), otopharyngeal tube (D4) epitympanic recess (D5) above the external
acoustic meatus, tympanic opening (D6). The tube extends
obliquely downward and forward and opens in front of the posterior pharyngeal wall
into the pharyngeal cavity (pharyngeal opening) (D7). isthmus of the tube (D8), tubal cartilage (D24), tensor tympani muscle (D9) attaches to the base of the manubrium

Front 85

Name them

Back 85

saccule (AB6) and utricle (AB7). sensory epithelium
(blue), the macula of the saccule (AB8), macula
of the utricle (AB9), interconnected by the utriculosaccular duct (AB10).
endolymphatic duct (A11),
the endolymphatic sac (A12). The uniting duct (AB13), scala media(AB15), the scala
vestibuli (AB19), scala tympani (AB20), semicircular ducts (A22), common membranous crus (AB27)

Front 86

Name the parts

Back 86

Front 87

Describe the basic steps of lower respiratory embryological development

Back 87

1) Laryngeotracheal tube derived from endoderm in pharynx, deepens to form lung bud
2) This splits into two bronchi at the carina
3) Mesenchyme accompanying the foregut derived mesenchyme forms the smooth muscle, nerves and blood vessels of the lungs.

Front 88

What is the difference between bronchi, terminal bronchioles, conducting broncioles and respiratory bronchioles

Back 88

Bronchi: start of with C shaped rings of cartilage that become plates and have smooth muscle, surface is pseudostratified epithelium and glands
Conducting Bronchioles: smooth muscle, pseudostratified epithelium with goblets, no cartilage or glands
Terminal bronchioles: smooth muscle, no glands, no goblet cells, ciliated cuboidal & clara cells (surfactant)
Respiratory bronchioles: some smooth muscle, some ciliated cuboidal, more clara

Front 89

What are the 3 cells of the alveolus

Back 89

1) Type 1 pneumocyte (non-dividing respiratory, tight junctions)
2) Type 2: (dividing, matures into type 1, produces surfactant & lipid)
3) macrophages

Front 90

going by the order of receiving aortic blood flow first, name the 3 branches off the aorta

Back 90

1) Cephalic trunk (-> branch right common carotid and subclavian)
2) Left common carotid
3) Left sub-clavian

Front 91

Describe the orientation of the aorta and pulmonary artery, allowing the ductus arteriosus to form

Back 91

The aortic arch is directly over the pulmonary artery allowing an almost vertical shunt to form

Front 92

What vessels enter the right atrium

Back 92

Inferior & superior vena cavas

Front 93

What vessels enter the left atrium

Back 93

The 4 pulmonary veins

Front 94

List the major coronary arteries

Back 94

Left: LC (1cm) splits to L.circumflex and anterior descending atrioventricular
Right: RC branches into the circumflex

Front 95

Describe the origin of the coronary arteries

Back 95

L & R coronary sinuses immediately beyond the aortic valve. The left one is identified by a larger osteum (entrance).

Front 96

Describe how the coronary veins drain

Back 96

Follow the anterior & posterior AV grooves to form the cononary sinus, draining into the RV below the tricuspid valve.

Front 97

Find McBurney's point

Back 97

Draw a line from the ASIS to the umbilicus. 1/3 way up.

Front 98

What is the surface marking of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

Back 98

Line joining both ASIS, midway

Front 99

Define the transpyloric plane

Back 99

Midway between the suprasternal notch & pubic synphisis. Level of L1

Front 100

List 2 major blood vessels located at the transpyloric plane

Back 100

superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries

Front 101

List the organs indicated by the surface marking of the transpyloric plane

Back 101

1) duodenojejunal flexure & 2nd part of duodenum, transverse colon
2) hylus' of the kidneys & pancreas
3) pylorus
4) neck of pancreas
5) fundus of gall bladder

Front 102

Describe the ductus venosus

Back 102

Joins the umbilical vein to the IVC, bypassing the portal vein

Front 103

List the 4 embryonic heart septation processes that occur

Back 103

1) interventricular
2) atrial
3) atrioventricular
4) aorticopulminary (truncus arteriosus into aorta and pul trunk)

Front 104

Describe how the development of the atrial septum allows rapid changes to blood flow following birth

Back 104

1) Septum primum and secundum develop with off-centred foramens
2) Septum primum on the left atrial side flaps open, allowing blood to pass through both foramens right to left pre birth
3) After birth, fall in pulmonary BP snaps the septum primum against the secundum, sealing the atrial septum.

Front 105

What are the 3 main anatomical abnormalities of tetralogy of Fallot

Back 105

1) interventricular septum fails to complete
2) aorticopulmonary septum forms abnormally aorta causing it to overarch both ventricles
3) aorticopulmonary septum causes abnormally constricted pulmonary trunk - infundibular stenosis

Front 106

Describe the surface markings of the heart

Back 106

Lies between the 2nd rib (sternal angle) and the 5th intercostal space. The apex is pressed against the chest wall at the mid clavicular line.

Front 107

Describe the outer coverings of the heart

Back 107

1) Parietal pericardium - tough fibrous, fixed in several places
2) Visceral pericardium: inner epicardium joined to heart.
3) pericardial fliud between parietal & visceral pericardia

Front 108

Describe the main arteries of the right side of the heart

Back 108

1) right coronary artery following the atrioventricular groove
2) marginal artery

Front 109

Describe the main arteries of the left side of the heart

Back 109

1) left coronary artery
2) circumflex artery
3) anterior interventricular artery

Front 110

What are the main differences between the inflow and outflow valves of teh heart

Back 110

Inflow: cuspid valves able to withstand maximal pressure of contraction via early contraction of chordae tendinae
Outflow: semilunar valves

Front 111

Describe the 2 types of sweat glands

Back 111

1) apocrine: drain into hair follicles, produce cloudy odiferous sweat
2) merocrine: clear sweat directly mainly onto palms and soles of feet.

Front 112

Describe the tympanic membrane

Back 112

Membrane made up of three layers: stratified epithelium on the external side
cuboidal on the inner mucosa
cartilage in the middle.
At the anterior, inferior quadrant is the cone of lightadjacent to the central umbo of the malleus

Front 113

Describe (draw) the structures of the femoral triangle

Back 113

Know AVANS - adductor longus, vein, artery, nerve, sartoris
Posterior: pectineus (medial), iliacus (lateral)

Front 114

Describe the compartments of the mediastinum

Back 114

Superior (above T4/T5 = trans thoracic plane)
Inferior (below T4/T5)
Anterior (thymus)
Middle (pericardium)
Posterior (azygous vein system

Front 115

Describe Waldeyer's ring

Back 115

1) pharyngeal tonsil behind uvula adjacent to auditory tube
2) lingual tonsils at at base of tongue
3) palatine tonsils in oropharynx
4)

Front 116

Describe respiratory epithelium

Back 116

1) ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells
2) goblet cells

Front 117

Describe the main parts of olfactory epithelium

Back 117

1) olfactory epithelium
2) lamina propria containing Bowman's glands & nerve bundles
3) cribriform plate
4) olfactory bulb

Front 118

What is another name for the auditory tube and what cells line it

Back 118

1) pharyngotympanic tube
2) respiratory epithelium: ciliated pseudostratified + goblet cells

Front 119

Draw the nasal, oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus & trachea. Mark the cervical vertebral levels

Back 119

Label: nasal vestibule, olfactory epithelium (OE, lamina propria & Bowman's glands, crib plate, olfac bulb), opening to auditory tube, oropharynx from C4 up, epiglottis, larynx & laryngopharynx from C6 to c4, trachea & oesophagus

Front 120

Name the main parts of the pinna

Back 120

helix, concha, tragus & antitragus, EAM, lobule

Front 121

Name the 2 muscles involved in the acoustic reflex

Back 121

1) tensor tympani
2) stapedius

Front 122

What are the layers of the tympanic membrane and the epithelium of the middle ear

Back 122

1) stratified epithelium, fibrocartilage, simple cuboidal
2) inner ear is simple cuboidal

Front 123

Name the main parts of the inner ear

Back 123

1) cochlea (contains organ of Corti, scala media, scala tympani, scala vestibuli, tectorial membrane) - cochlear nerve
2) semicircular canals and ducts
3) vestibiule: utricule and saccule for gravity and inertia - has 2 vestibular nerves (vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII)

Front 124

You have to perform a needle thoracentesis. What tissues does the needle have to penetrate & where should the needle be placed

Back 124

1) skin -> fascia -> serratus anterior -> external intercostal -> internal intercostal -> innermost intercostal -> parietal pleura
2) immediately above the lowe rib to avoid damage to the intercostal artery, vein & nerve

Front 125

What muscles are used for forceful expiration

Back 125

1) internal intercostals
2) abdominal: external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

Front 126

Name the bits

Back 126

A – Renal corpuscle
B – Proximal tubule
C – Distal convoluted tubule
D – Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1. Basement membrane (Basal lamina)
2. Bowman's capsule – parietal layer
3. Bowman's capsule – visceral layer
3a. Pedicels (Foot processes from podocytes)
3b. Podocyte
4. Bowman's space (urinary space)
5a. Mesangium – Intraglomerular cell
5b. Mesangium – Extraglomerular cell
6. Granular cells (Juxtaglomerular cells)
7. Macula densa
8. Myocytes (smooth muscle)
9. Afferent arteriole
10. Glomerulus Capillaries
11. Efferent arteriole

Front 127

What are the divisions on an ECG

Back 127

5mm = 0.5mv
5mm = 0.2s

Front 128

Describe the P wave of an ECG

Back 128

1) atrial depolarisation right to left (+ve in leads I-III, AVL, AVF, -ve in AVR)
2) about 100ms (2.5 divs)

Front 129

Describe the Q wave of an ECG

Back 129

septal depolarisation from left to right (-ve in leads I-III, AVL, AVF, +ve in AVR)

Front 130

Describe the R wave of an ECG

Back 130

1) left ventricular depolarisation right to left (+ve in leads I-III, AVL, AVF, -ve in AVR)
2) about 100ms (2.5 divs)

Front 131

Describe the S wave on an ECG

Back 131

septal repolarisation from right to left (-ve in leads I-III, AVL, AVF, +ve in AVR)

Front 132

Describe the structures of the superior mediastinum

Back 132

1) great vessels: superior VC dividing into the L&R brachiocephalic veins, pulmonary trunk & veins
2) ABCs from right to left: aorta, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid, left subclavian
3) phrenic & vagus nerves
4) trachea (bifurcation at T4/T5 = angle of Louis, also thymus) & oesophagus

Front 133

Describe the structures of the anterior, middle & posterior mediastinum

Back 133

anterior: thymus
middle: heart
posterior: oesopahgus, vagus nerve branches, azygous vein

Front 134

to reside

Back 134

abitare

Front 135

Label the parts of the kidney

Back 135

1.Renal pyramid
2.Interlobar artery
3.Renal artery
4.Renal vein
5.Renal hilum
6.Renal pelvis
7.Ureter
8.Minor calyx
9.Renal capsule
10.Inferior renal capsule
11.Superior renal capsule
12.Interlobar vein
13.Nephron
14.Minor calyx
15.Major calyx
16.Renal papilla
17.Renal column

Front 136

Explain why a large volume of urine is excreted in the recovery phase of ATN

Back 136

Tubules allowing passage of filtrate but cannot reabsorb sufficient water ie: 180L/day of filtrate must be reabsorbed: 70% in proximal, 20% in loop, 9% in distal tubule & collecting duct

Front 137

How is sodium reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

Back 137

Secondary active transport of: 1) the Na+/H+ antiporter reabsorbs both bicarbonate and sodium
2) SGLT-1: sodium/glucose symporter
3) solvent drag

Front 138

What is the main difference between the function of the proximal convoluted & straight tubule

Back 138

Proximal convoluted: reabsorption
Proximal straight: secretion of weak acids (eg B-lactam antibiotics)

Front 139

How does the thick ascending limb of the LOH dilute urine

Back 139

Secondary active transport of NAKCl2 symporter dragging H2O. K+ is allowed into interstitium to maintain hyperosmolarity

Front 140

Where is Ca++ reabsorbed in the nephron and how is this regulated

Back 140

Distal convoluted tubule. Reabsorption increased by PTH

Front 141

What is the principle ion transport mechanism of the distal tubule

Back 141

1) Na+/K+ active transport on basolateral membrane drives Na+/Cl- symporter on apical membrane (thiazides bind here)
2) Na+/Ca++ active transport on basolateral membrane drives Ca+ secondary transport.

Front 142

What is the principle ion transport mechanism of the late distal/collecting ducts

Back 142

ENaC Na channel driven by Na+K+ ATPase. Activated by aldosterone, blocked by amiloride

Front 143

Which cells of the collecting duct produce HCO3- de-novo

Back 143

Intercalated cells secreting H+

Front 144

Describe the physiology of bladder filling & micturition

Back 144

1) hypogastric nerve (T12/L1) counters PNS tone of bladder detruser (B-receptors) & contracts internal sphincter (a-receptors). Pudental nerve constricts external sphincter
2) Stretch of detruser by >150mL increases pelvic nerve tone: detruser contraction. Pudental & hypogastric nerves inhibited supraspinally, opening both sphincters.

Front 145

List the features of the right atrium

Back 145

1) sup & inf vena cavas
2) fossa ovale (SA node)
3) coronary sinys
4) pectinate muscles

Front 146

List the features of the right ventricle

Back 146

1) pulmonary semilunar valve
2) tricuspid valve with 3 chordae tendinae & papillary muscles

Front 147

Liist the features of the left atrium

Back 147

1) openings from the 4 pulmonary veins
2) fossa ovale
3) superior face of the mitral valve

Front 148

List the features of the left ventricle

Back 148

1) aortic valve
2) vestibule
3) mitral valve, 2 chordae tendinae & papillary muscles

Front 149

Describe the omenta of the stomach

Back 149

1) greater (loops to transverse colon) & lesser omenta
2) gastrosplenic
3) hepatoduodenal (extension of lesser omentum - only to 1st part & contains portal triad)
4) gastrophrenic (joins fundus to diaphragm)

Front 150

What are the maiin posterior relations of the stomach

Back 150

lesser sac
transverse mesocolon
spleen
pancreas
left kidney

Front 151

Describe the vertebral levels of the duodenum

Back 151

1st part, up from L1 and lateral right
2nd part: vertical down L1-L3
3rd part: across left L3 and up
4th part: L2 and anterior to join jejunum which is intraperitoneal

Front 152

Describe the layers of the stomach

Back 152

mucosa( mucous epithelium, lammina propria, muscularis mucosa)
submucosa
muscularis externa (oblique, circular, myenteric plexus, longtitudinal)

Front 153

Describe the 5 types & locations of specialised cells of the stomach

Back 153

1) mucous
2) mucous neck cells
3) chief cells (base of gastric pit- pepsinogen)
4) parietal cells (neck of gastric pit)
5) endocrine cells: G=gastrin, ECL=histamine, D (somatostatin)

Front 154

List 3 types of obstruction of tubes with examples

Back 154

1) extra tubular (pressure from tumours, fibrosis)
2) tubular (stricture, tumour, neuromuscular (absent peristalsis)
3) luminal (secretions eg CF, stones eg renal calculi, cholelythiasis, thrombi & emboli

Front 155

Describe the gross anatomy of the spleen, including blood vessels

Back 155

1) head (unicate process), neck body, tail
2) pancreatic duct drains into superior 2nd part of duodenum via the ampulla of Vater
3) body and tail supplied by splenic artery/vein
4) head supplied by pancreaticoduodenal arteries