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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the range of movement of of the parts of the spine from greatest to least?
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C > L > T
(Correlates with thickness of IVD relative to size of vertebral body) |
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The falx cerebri is attached to which parts of the ethmoid bone (anteriorly) and occipital bone (posteriorly)?
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* Ethmoid bone: Crista galli
* Occipital bone: Internal occipital crest |
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Where does the pituitary sit?
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Inside the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica (sphenoid bone)
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Which nerves travel within the cavernous sinus?
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Superior to inferior:
III IV VI (adjacent to ICA) V1 V2 |
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What are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall?
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* Skin
* Superficial fascia (Camper's, Scarpa's) * Deep fascia * Linea alba (midline) or muscle layers (lateral) * Transversalis fascia * Extraperitoneal fat * Parietal peritoneum |
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What is the difference between Camper's and Scarpa's fascia?
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* Camper's: fatty, continuous with thigh
* Scarpa's: membranous, continuous with penis & scrotum |
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How far down does the posterior sheath of the rectus abdominis extend?
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To arcuate line (1/2 way between umbilicus & pubic tubercle)
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The inguinal ligament forms the lower free edge of which muscle?
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External oblique
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Which vessels are contained in the folds of the anterior abdominal wall?
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* Median fold: urachus
* Medial folds: umbilical aa. * Lateral folds: inferior epigastric vessels |
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What is the lymphatic drainage of the anterior abdominal wall?
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* Above umbilicus: axillary nodes
* Below umbilicus: superficial inguinal nodes |
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Which structures form the walls of the inguinal canal?
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* Anterior wall: EO aponeurosis
* Roof: IO and TA * Floor: transversalis fascia / inguinal ligament * Posterior wall: conjoint tendon |
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What are the boundaries of Hesselbach's triangle?
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* Rectus abdominis
* Inferior epigastric a. * Inguinal ligament |
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Where is the midpoint of the inguinal ligament?
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* 1/2 way between pubic tubercle & ASIS
(site of deep inguinal ring) |
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What is the vertebral level of each diaphragm opening, and what structures pass through it?
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* Vena caval: T8, transmits IVC & branches of phrenic n.
* Oesophageal hiatus: T10, transmits oesophagus & vagal trunks * Aortic: T12, transmits aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein |
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At what vertebral levels:
* Abdominal aorta divides into common iliac arteries,? * Common iliac veins form the IVC? |
* Common iliac arteries start at L4
* Common iliac veins end at L5 |
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What are the three paired branches of arteries off the abdominal aorta?
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* Middle suprarenal aa.
* Renal aa. * Ovarian / testicular aa. |
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What are the branches of the abdominal aorta to the body wall?
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* Inferior phrenic
* Lumbar branches (4 pairs) * Meidan sacral branches |
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Which structures lie anterior to the suprarenal glands?
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* R: Liver & IVC
*L: stomach & pancreas |
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What 3 arteries supply the suprarenal glands?
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* Superior suprarenal a. (from inferior phrenic)
* Middle suprarenal a. (from aorta) * Inferior suprarenal a. (from renal a.) |
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Where do the suprarenal veins drain?
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* R suprarenal v. --> IVC
* L suprarenal v. --> L renal v. |
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Where do visceral pain afferents in the abdominopelvic cavity travel?
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* Pelvic pain line = inferior limit of peritoneum
* Above pelvic pain line: travel with SYMP fibres to T1-L2 (incl. upper bladder, body of uterus, testes, ovaries) * Below pelvic pain line, travel with PARA fibres to S2-S4 (incl. GIT distal to mid sigmoid colon) |
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Which plexus innervates the pelvic viscera?
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* Inferior hypogastric plexus
(receives SYMP fibres from hypogastric nerves, PARA fibres from pelvic splanchic nerves) |
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What is the sensory supply to the scrotum?
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* Anterior 1/3: L1 (ilioinguinal n.)
* Posterior 2/3: S3 (pudendal n. -- also supplies skin of penis) |
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What are the layers of the scrotum?
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* Skin
* Dartos layer (fascia & muscle) * 3 layers over testis & spermatic cord: - external spermatic fascia (from EO) - cremasteric fascia & muscle (from IO0 - internal spermatic fascia (from transversalis fascia) * Tunica vaginalis (parietal & visceral layers) * Tunica albuginea * Lobules of testis |
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Which surfaces of the testis are covered by the tunica vaginalis?
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Anterior & lateral surfaces
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What is the length of the ductus deferens?
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45 cm
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What are the 3 zones of the prostate?
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* Central zone (around ejaculatory ducts)
* Transition zone (around urethra proximal to seminal colliculus) * Peripheral zone (inferiorly) (+ anterior fibromuscular stroma) |
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What are the parts of the uterine tube?
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* Fimbriae (open medially towards ovaries)
* Infundibulum * Ampulla * Isthmus |
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What are the 3 parts of the broad ligament?
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* Mesosalpinx
* Mesometrium * Mesovarium (+ suspensory ligament) |
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What is the innervation of the ovaries?
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* SYMP from T10 + branches of hypogastric plexus
* Pain referral to L or R lower quadrant |
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In the female where are the bulb of the vestibule and crura of clitoris situated?
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* Bulbs of vestibule: immediately lateral to labia minora
* Crura: more lateral, attached to ischiopubic rami |
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At what vertebral levels are the kidneys?
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T12 - L3
(R kidney lower than L) |
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How long are the male and femal urethras?
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M: 20 cm
F: 4 cm |
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Which part of the male urethra is the widest & most dilatable?
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Prostatic urethra
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What is the difference between the endocervix and ectocervix?
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* Ectocervix: portion of cervix that projects into vagina (stratified squamous)
* Endocervix: cervical canal (columnar) |
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What is the orientation of the kidneys?
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* Lower pole anterior to upper pole
* Lower pole lateral to upper pole * Hilum anteromedial |
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How long is the oesophagus and where does it start and finish?
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* 25cm long
* Starts at C6 (lower border of cricoid) * Ends at T11 (1-2cm inside abdominal cavity) |
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What is the significance of the Z-line in the lower oesophagus?
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Change from stratified squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium
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Which structures lie anterior and posterior to the oesophagus?
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Anterior: trachea, L main bronchus, pericardium & L atrium
Posterior: vertebrae, aorta |
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What is the arterial and venous supply to the oesophagus?
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* Inferior thyroid a., descending thoracic aorta, L gastric a.
* Thyroid veins, azygos v., portal v. |
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What is the origin of the arteries supplying the stomach?
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* L gastric a.: coeliac trunk
* R gastric a.: common hepatic a. * L gastroomental a.: splenic a. * R gastroomental a.: gastroduodenal a. (off common hepatic a.) * Short gastric aa.: splenic a. |
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Is the pancreas a retroperitoneal organ?
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All retroperitoneal except tail (in splenorenal ligament)
* Root of transverse mesocolon attaches to anterior surface of pancreas, so upper pancreas --> lesser sac, lower pancreas --> greater sac |
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How does the pancreas relate to the SMA?
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SMA originates behind pancreas but passes anteriorly to uncinate process
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Where does the root of the mesentery run?
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Obliquely from duodenal-jejunal junction on L to ileocaecal junction over R iliac fossa
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How does the mesentery differ between ileum & jejunum?
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Jejunum: less fat (fat-free windows near gut wall), fewer arterial arcades, longer vasa recti
Ileum: More fat (encroaches on gut wall), more arterial arcades, shorter vasa recti |
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How does the wall of the jejunum and ileum differ?
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JEJUNUM
* Large, numerous, closely packed circular folds * Longer, more numerous villi * Thick, velvety feel * 4 cm diameter ILEUM * Low, sparse, circular folds (absent in terminal ileum) * Shorter, fewer villi * Thinner wall * 3 cm diameter |
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What parts of the colon are retroperitoneal?
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Ascending & descending colon
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Which arteries supply the colon?
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* SMA: ileocolic a., R colic a., middle colic a.
* IMA: L colic a., sigmoidal a., superior rectal a. * IIA: middle rectal a., inferior rectal a. |
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What parts of the rectum are covered by peritoneum?
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* Front & sides of upper 1/3
* Front of middle 1/3 * No peritoneum on lower 1/3 |
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What is the significance of the pectinate line in the rectum?
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* Above = endoderm
- sensitive to stretch - IMA, portal v., aortic nodes * Below = ectoderm - sensitive to pain, touch, temp - IIA, IIV, inguinal nodes |
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What is the significance of the White Line (of Hilton)?
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* Between pectinate line & white line = transitional zone, stratefied squamous but hairless
* Below white line = true skin with hairs |
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Where is the transpyloric plane and what abdominal structures can be found at that level?
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* L1 lower, midway b/w suprasternal notch and pubic symphysis
* Fundus of gallbladder * Pyloris of stomach * Neck of pancreas * SMA origin * Hila of kidneys (R slightly below, L slightly above) * Colic flexures (R slightly below, L slightly above) |
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Where does the lesser omentum attach to the liver?
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At the porta hepatis and fissure for ligamentum venosum
(Ligamentum teres is inferior, continuous with falciform ligament) |
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What is the function of each of the recti and oblique muscles of the eye?
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SR: elevate, intort, adduct
IR: depress, extort, adduct SO: depress, intort, abduct IO: elevate, extort, abduct |
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What is the venous drainage of the cerebral hemispheres?
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* Great cerebral v. of Galen + inferior sagittal sinus --> straight sinus
* Superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus meet at confluence of sinuses and drain into 2 transverse sinuses * Transverse sinus --> sigmoid sinus --> IJV * Cavernous sinus --> superior petrosal sinus --> transverse sinus * Cavernous sinus also --> inferior petrosal sinus --> IJV |
