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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three types of muscles in the human body? Where are they found? What type of movement are they responsible for?
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1. Smooth Muscle Tissue - blood vessel walls and hollow viscera, regular but involuntary movements
2. Cardiac muscle tissue - exclusively found in the heart, causes rhythmic involuntary contraction of the heart 3. Skeletal muscle tissue - Attach to bones. Required for locomotion. |
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What are the 4 major characteristics of skeletal muscles?
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1. Origin: Attachment of the muscle that usually remains stationary during muscle contraction
2. Insertion: Attachment of the muscle that usually moves during muscle contraction 3. Function (Action): This is the movement caused by the muscle contraction. Insertion moves towards the origin. 4. Innervation: Skeletal muscle contraction is governed by the peripheral component of the somatic nervous system |
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What are the 7 different ways to name a muscle?
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1. Function
2. Location 3. Attachment site 4. Number of heads 5. Direction of the fibers 6. Shape 7. Size Think: FLANDSS |
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What are the 8 categories of how head and neck muscles are categorized?
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1. Facial Expression
2. Mastication 3. Larynx Muscles 4. Soft Palate Muscles 5. Tongue Muscles 6. Extraocular Muscles 7. Pharyngeal Muscles 8. Neck muscles Think: [FML] i [STEP]ped o[N] ****. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Facial expression.
Originate from skull bones and insert to the skin of the face Innervated by CN VII (facial) Orbicularis oculi closes the eyelid Nasalis flares the nostrils Orbicularis oris closes and purses lips |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Mastication.
Originates from skull, inserts to mandible. Innervated by CN V (trigeminal) Masster muscle: elevates mandible and clenches teeth Temporalis muscle: Elevates the mandible |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Mastication.
Originates from skull, insertion in mandible. Innervated by CN V (trigeminal) Medial pterygoid muscle: Elevates mandible and moves it side to side Lateral pterygoid muscle: Protrudes the mandible and moves it side to side |
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What are these muscles?
What are they innervated by? |
Extraocular muscles (there are 7 of them in total)
Innervated by CN III, IV, VI |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Pharyngeal muscles.
Pharyngeal muscles contract the pharynx. Innervated by CNX (except for stylopharyngeus) |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Muscles of the soft palate. Elevate or depress the soft palate or stretch it to teh sides. Innervated by CN X
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Muscles of the tongue. Instrinsic tongue muscles have origin and insertion inside the tongue. Extrinsic tongue muscles have origin from bones outside tongue and insert into tongue. All tongue muscles are innervated by CN XII
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Superficial muscles.
SCM originates from sternum and clavical and inserts into the mastoid. Extends the neck and contralateraly rotates the head, innervated by CNXI. Infrahyoid muscles originate from sternum and inserts to thyroid cartilage or hyoid bone. Depress hyoid bone and larynx. Innervated by ansa cervicalis. Suprahyoid muscles originate from temportal bone or mandible and insert into the hyoid bone. Elevate the hyoid bone and larynx or depress the mandible. Innervated by CNV and CNVII |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Deep muscles of the neck.
Scalene muscles: Originate from transverse process of cervical vertebrae and insert to the ribs. Elevate the first two ribs or laterally flex the neck. Innervated by some of the anterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves. Prevertebral muscles: Originate from upper thoracic or cervical vertebrae and insert to uppoer cervical vertebrae or occipital bone. Mainly flex the head and neck and are innervated by some of the anterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Muscles are divided into intrinsic and extrinsic. These muscles are the intrinsic portion of the larynx. These muscles are stretched between laryngeal cartilages and change the length or tension of vocal cords during phonation and respiration.
Innervated by CN X |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What are the actions for the muscles? |
Superficial layer of the back. Connect upper limbs to the trunk and mostly act on the upper limb.
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What muscles are these involved in?
What are the actions for the muscles? |
Intermediate layer of the back. Considered as accessory respiratory muscles.
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What muscles are these involved in?
What are the actions for the muscles? |
Deep layer of back muscles. Muscles maintain the erect position of the trunk and extend or rotate the certebral column.
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Extrinsic thorax.
Pectoralis major: Originate in clavicle and sternum, inserts into humerus. Used for adduction and medial rotation of shoulder joint. Innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerves. Pectoralis minor: Origin from Ribs to scapula. Main action is abduction of scapula. Innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerves |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Extrinsic thorax.
Originate from ribs to scapula. Used for abduction of scapula. Innervated by long thoracic nerve. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Intrinsic thoracic muscle
All intercostal muscles originate and insert from rib to rib and are innervated by intercostal nerves. External main action is for ELEVATION of ribs Internal and innermost are for DEPRESSION of ribs |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Intrinsic thoracic muscle
Originate from sternum, lower ribs, and upper lumbar vertebrae (think about it, it makes sense). Inserts into the diaphragm. Main action is to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. Innervated by the phrenic nerve. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
External obliques:
Originate from lower rib and insert into iliac crest, pubic bone, and linea alba. Main action is compression of abdominal viscera, flexion, and contralateral rotation of the trunk. Innervated by anterior rami. Internal obliques: Originates from iliac crest and inguinal ligament and insert into ribs and linea alba. Compression of abdominal viscera, flexion and ipsilateral rotation of the trunk. Innervated by anterior rami. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Rectus abdominis:
Originate from pubic bone and pubic symphysis. Insert into xiphoid process and costal cartilages. Compression of abdominal viscera and flexion of the trunk. Innervated by anterior rami. Transver abdominal: Originate in iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and ribs. Insert in the lina alba. Compression of abdominal viscera. Innervated by anterior rami. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Muscles of abdomen:
Psoas major: Originates from lumbar vertebrae and inserts into the femur. Its main actions include flexion of the hip joint and is innervated by the anterior rami (L1-L3). Illiacus originates from the iliac fossa and inserts into the femur. Its main actions include flexion of the hip joint and is innervated by the femoral nerve. Note that the illiopsoas muscle is a combination of the psoas major and the iliacus. |
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What are the bulbospongiosus and the ischiocavernosus responsible for? What are the perineal muscles innervated by?
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The bulbospongiosus and the ischiocavernosus assist in erection (both genders) and the draining of the last drop of urine (males).
Perineal muscles are innervated by the pudendal nerve. |
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What is the perineum? What shape is it and what can it subdivide into? What are its subdivisions made of?
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The perineum is a diamond-shaped area located inferior to the pelvic diaphragm. It can be subdivided into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle.
The urogenital triangle contains the distal part of urethra, external genitalia, and some of the perineal muscles. The anal triangle mainly contains the anal canal surrounded by external anal spincter. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
These are the rotator cuff muscles (with the exception of the teres major). The tendons of these muscles reinforce the shoulder joint capsule and stabilize the joint.
Subscapular originates in the subscapular fossa of the scapula and inserts into the humerus. Its main actions include medial rotation of the shoulder joint and is innervated by the upper and lower subscapular. Supraspinatus originates in the supraspinous fossa of the scapula and inserts into the humerus. Its main action includes abduction of the shoulder joint. It is innervated by the suprascapular nerve. Infraspinatus originates in the infraspinous fossa of the scapula and inserts into the humerus. Its main action is in lateral rotation of the shoulder joint and is innervated by the suprascapular. Teres minor and teres major originate in the upper and lower lateral border of the scapula. They both insert into the humerus. Its main action include lateral and medial rotation of the shoulder joint. They are innervated by the axillary and lower subscapular nerve respectively. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Deltoid originates from the spine of the scapula, acromion, and clavicle and inserts into the humerus. Its main actions are abduction of the shoulder joint and is mainly innervated by the axillary nerve.
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Anterior compartment of arm.
Biceps brachii: Long head and short head originate from scapula and insert into the radius. Its main action includes flexion of elbow joint and supination of forearm. It is innervated by musculocutaneous nerve. Coracobrachialis originates in the scapula and inserts into the humerous. It is involved in the flexion of the shoulder joint and is innervated by musculocutaneous nerves. Brachialis originates in the shaft of the humerus and inserts in the ulnar. It is involved in flexion of the elbow joint and is innervated by the muculocutaneous nerve. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Anterior compartment of arm.
Biceps brachii: Long head and short head originate from scapula and insert into the radius. Its main action includes flexion of elbow joint and supination of forearm. It is innervated by musculocutaneous nerve. Coracobrachialis originates in the scapula and inserts into the humerous. It is involved in the flexion of the shoulder joint and is innervated by musculocutaneous nerves. Brachialis originates in the shaft of the humerus and inserts in the ulnar. It is involved in flexion of the elbow joint and is innervated by the muculocutaneous nerve. Posterior compartment of arm Triceps brachii: Originates from humerus and inserts into the ulna. Involved in the extension of the elbow joint and is innervated by the radial nerve. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Superficial:
Pronater teres originates from the humerus and ulna, inserts into the radius. Its main actions include the pronation of the forearm and is innervated by the median nerve. Flexor carpi radialis originates from the humerus and inserts into the second metacarpal. Its main actions include flexion and abduction of the wrist joint and is innervated primarily by the median nerve. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Intermediate
Flexor digitorum superficialis originates in the humerus, ulna, and radius. Inserts into the phalages of fingers 2-5. Main actions include flexion of the wrist. Innervated by the median nerve. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Deep
Flexor digitorum profundus originates in the ulna and inserts into the phalanges of fingers 2-5. Main actions include flexion of the wrist. Innervated by median and ulnar nerves. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
SUPERFICIAL:
Extensor digitorum originates from the humerus and inserts into the phalages of fingers 2-5. Its main actions include extension of the wrist joint and it is innervated by the radial nerves. Extensor carpi ulnaris originates from the humerus and ulna, and inserts in the fifth metacarpal. Its main actions include the extension of the wrist and is innervated by radial nerves. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
DEEP:
Supinator originates from the humerus and ulna and inserts into the radius. Its main action include supination of the forearm and is innervated by the radial nerve. The extensor pollicis longus originates from the ulna, inserts into the thumb, and its main actions include extension of the thumb. Innervated by the radial nerve. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Thenar muscles arise from carpal bones and insert into the first metacarpal or proximal phalanx of the thumb. They move the thumb in abduction, flexion, and opposition. Innervated by median nerve.
Hypothenar muscle arise from carpals and insert into the fifth metacarpal or proximal phalanx of the fifth finger. It is used in abduction, flexion, and opposition of this finger. Innervated by the ulnar nerve. Lumbricals are four worm-like muscles which arise from the tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle and insert to the extensor hood of the four medial fingers. Assist in flexion of the metacarpopharlangeal joints while extending the interphalangeal joints of the four medial fingers. Innervated by ulnar or median nerve. Adductor pollicis muscle mainly arises from the metacarpals and insert into the proimal phalanx of the thumb. Innervated by ulnar nerve. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Interossei arise from metacarpals and insert to the extensor hood of the medial four fingers.
Palmer interossei ADDUCT the medial four fingers. Dorsal interossei ABDUCT these fingers. The axis is in the middle of the third finger. Interossei are innervated by the ulnar nerve. |
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What is the significance of each transitional area?
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Axilla - Most important, all branches of brachial plexus pass through here.
Cubital fossa - Median nerve and brachial artery are the main contents of this fossa Carpal tunnel - Tunnel contains tendons of flexor muscles of fingers and median nerve |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Gluteus maximus originates from sacrum and ilium and inserts into the femur. Its main action includes extension of the hip joint and it is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve.
Gluteus medius originates from the ilium and inserts into the femur. It is involved in the abduction of the hip joint (important) and is innervated primarily by the superior gluteal nerve. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Gluteus minimus originates from ilium and inserts into the femur. It also helps in the abduction of hip joint (not as much as medius does) an is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.
Piriformus originates in the sacrum and inserts into the femur. It is involved in the lateral rotation of the hip and is innervated by the sacral plexus. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Quadriceps has 4 heads (don't need to know names). Originates in the femur and inserts in the patella via the quadriceps tendon (into the tibia). Its main action is the extension of the knee. It is innervated by the femoral nerve.
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
The adductor magnes originates from the ischiopubic ramus and inserts into the linea aspera and femur. Its main actions include adduction and extension of the hip joint. It is innervated by obturator and sciatic nerve.
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Biceps femoris originate in the ischial tuberosity and the femur. Inserts into the fibula. Its main actions include the flexion of the knee and is innervated by the sciatic nerve.
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Tibialis anterior originates in the tibia and inserts into the base of the first metatarsal. Its main actions include the dorsi flexion of ankle joint and inversion of the foot. It is innervated by the deep fibular nerve.
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Gastrocnemius originates in the femur and inserts into the calcaneus (Achilles tendon). Its main action includes plantar flexion of the ankle and is innervated by the tibial nerve.
Tibialis posterior originates from the tibita, fibula, and interosseous membrane. It inserts into the navicular and medial cuneiform. Its main action is for the plantar flexion of ankle joint and inversion of the foot. It is innervated by the tibial nerve. |
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What muscles are these involved in?
What is the general origin/insertion for these muscles? What are they innervated by? What are the actions for the muscles? |
Fibularis longus originates from the fibula and inserts into the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal. Its main actiosn include eversion of the foot and it is innervated by superficial fibular nerves.
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What is this? What layer is this? What does this layer do?
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Plantar aspect of the foot (first layer).
Abduct the first and fifth toes and flex the lateral four toes (flexor digitorum brevis). |
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What is this? What layer is this? What does this layer do?
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Plantar aspect of the foot (second and third layer)
Second layer mainly flexes the lateral four toes (aka phalyngeal joints). Third layer flexes the first and fifth toes and adduct the first toe. |
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What is this? What layer is this? What does this layer do?
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Plantar aspect of foot (fourth layer).
Fourth layer adduct or abduct the toes. Axis of abduction and adduction of lateral four toes passes through the second toe. Plantar interossei causes ADDUCTION. Dorsal interossei causes ABDUCTION. |
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What are the three joints and regions of the upper and lower limbs?
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Upper limbs joints: Shoulder, elbow, wrist
Upper limb regions: Arm, forearm, hand Lower limb joints: Hip, knee, ankle Lower limb regions: Thigh, leg, foot |
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What muscles connect the trunk to the humerus? Clavicle to the humerus?
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Trunk to humerus: Pectoralis major, lattisimus dorsi, Deltoid
Clavicle to humerus: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, Teris minor (Rotator Cuffs - attach to head of the humerus and hold it to scapula) |
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The shoulder complex, as a determinant of the position of the hand, can be divided into what?
How are they attached? |
1. Movements of the scapula on the trunk. Upper limb is loosely attached to the trunk via the sternoclavicular joint and the acromioclavicular joint. This allows the scapula to move on the thoracic wall.
2. Shoulder joint 2. The shoulder joint |
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What muscle moves the scapula anteriorly?
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Serratus anterior
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What muscles are involved in supination and pronation? Which one is more powerful?
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Supination: Supinator, biceps brachii
Pronation: Pronator teres, Pronator quadratus Supination is more powerful than pronation of the hand. This is because biceps brachii muscle is involved in supination. |
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What muscle help facilitates the rotation of the metacarpal of the thumb (twist it so it can oppose other thumbs)?
What muscles facilitate adduction and abduction? What muscles help flex the metacarpophalangeal joints while extending the interphalangeal joints? |
Opponens pollicis.
Interossei muscles. Lumbrical muscles. |
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What separates the lower limb from the trunk (from both the anterior and posterior aspect)
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Anterior: Inguinal ligament
Posterior: Iliac Crest & Sacrum |
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What are the symptoms of muscular dystrophy?
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1. Muscle weakness in feet, fronts of thighs, hips, belly, shoulders, and elbows.
2. Further muscle weakness in hands, face, and neck muscles. 3. Frequent falls (inability to rise after falling w/o complex muscle movement) 4. Delay in verbal learning and auditory memory 5. Deficit attention focusing **4 and 5 are stable as opposed to progressive 6. User of wheelchair 7. Limited fine movements 8. Development of scoliosis 9. Breathing difficulties 10. Development of cardiomyopathy in some patients 11. Death occurs before the age of 20 from heart failure or pneumonia |
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What is the role of dystrophin in the cell?
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Interacts with actin cytoskeleton and interacts with the ECM via a number of proteins (i.e. laminin). This allows for cross-talk to occur between the inner and outer aspects of the cell
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What are the genetic causes between DMD and BMD?
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DMD: exon-deletion or a single b.p. mutation leading to a premature stop codon. Trucated dystrophin is targeted for degradation by the cell. Without it, sarcolemme easily ruptures in response to stress (i.e. flexing).
BMD: Exon-deletion occurs but does NOT result in a pre-mature stop codon. It just leads to a partially functional protein. |
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What are some of the cellular features of DMD?
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1. Varying muscle fiber size due to CT and adipose tissue infiltrating muscles - pseudohypertrophy
2. Nuclei of normal skeletal muscle cells are located on the periphery of the muscle cells. Nuclei of DMD-affected skeletal muscle cells can be located within the muscle cells |
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What is microdystrophin?
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A partially functional (and much smaller) version of dystrophin which can be used to alleviate some symptoms of muscular dystrophy via gene delivery therapeutic approaches.
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What structures occupy the superior mediastinum?
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Esophagus, trachea, space behind manubrium, arch of aorta, branches of the arch of aorta, right and left brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, phrenic nerve, vagus nerve
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What structures occupy the posterior mediastinum?
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Venus nerve, descending/thoracic aorta, esophagus, thoracic duct, azygus vein, hemiazygus vein
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What is the function of Lymph nodes? Spleen? Tonsils? Thymus?
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Lymph nodes: Site of lymph filtration and B lymphocyte proliferation
Spleen: Filter blood from old and damaged RBC, produce antibodies Thymus: Main site for T lymphocyte maturation (replaced by CT after puberty) Tonsils: Encapsulated lymphoid tissue which produces antibodies against antigens. |
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Where is the spleen located?
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Left hypochondrium, at ribs 9,10,11 (fracture of these ribs, especially 10 can puncture the spleen)
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What are the three divisions of the pharynx? How do different tonsils relate to this?
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Pharynx can be divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Pharyngeal tonsils are located on the roof of the nasopharynx. Palatine tonsils are located on the sides of the oropharynx. Lingual tonsils are located on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue. |
