Anat 391 Midterm #1

Front 1

What are the three major divisions of anatomy? Which one does this course study?

Back 1

1. Macroscopic anatomy (AKA Gross): learning about structures of body with naked eye. Systemic approach looks at different organ systems and is better when no cadaver is available. Regional approach focuses on specific parts and works better with a cadaver.

2. Microscopic anatomy (AKA Histology): Studied at a tissue and cellular level using a microscope.

3. Developmental anatomy (AKA Embryology): Different phases of human development from fertilization to birth


Our course focuses on the SYSTEMIC approach of MACROSCOPIC anatomy.

Front 2

Explain the standard anatomical position and the anatomical planes.

Back 2

Standard anatomical position: Standing upright, arms at side with face, palms, and big toes pointing forward.

Sagittal planes: Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts. If symmetric, it is called the MEDIAN SAGITTAL PLANE. Otherwise, it is called PARASAGITTAL PLANE.

Coronal/Frontal planes: Vertical planes that divide the body into front and back parts.

Transverse or horizontal planes: Right angles to sagittal and coronal planes. These planes divide the body into upper and lower parts.

Front 3

Define these terms of position, relation, and direction:

Medial vs Lateral
Anterior vs Posterior
Deep vs Superficial
Superior vs Inferior
Proximal vs Distal

(in txtbook)

Palm vs Sole
Ipsilateral vs Contralateral
Internal vs External

Back 3

Medial vs Lateral: Closer to midline vs farther from midline

Anterior vs Posterior: Closer to front vs closer to back

Deep vs Superficial: Further from surface of body, closer to surface of body

Superior vs Inferior: Closer to head, closer to feet (tail)

Proximal vs Distal: Closer to root of structure, further to root of structure

(in textbook)

Palm vs Sole: Palmar aspect of hand, Plantar aspect of food

Ipsilateral vs Contralateral: On the same side of the body, on the opposite side of the body

Internal vs External: Inside a body cavity or hollow structure, outside a body cavity or hollow structure.

Front 4

Define these terms of Standard Movement:

Flexion vs Extension
Abduction vs Adduction
Medial rotation vs Lateral rotation

Back 4

Flexion vs Extension (Occurs in Sagittal planes): Bending (decreasing angle btwn body parts), straightening (increasing angle btwn body parts)

Abduction vs Adduction (Occurs in Coronal planes): Moving away from midline or axis of body pairds (Axis of hand passes through the third finger and metacarpal bone. Axis of foot passes through the second toe and metatarsal bone), Moving toward midline, or axis of the body parts.

Medial rotation vs Lateral rotation (Occurs in Transverse planes): Turning a body part around its long axis toward the midline, turning a body part around its long axis away from the midline

Front 5

Define these terms of Special Movements:

Circumduction
Supination vs Pronation
Eversion vs Inversion
Plantar flexion vs Dorsi flexion
Elevation vs Depression
Protraction vs Retraction
Opposition

Back 5

Circumduction: Circular movement of body parts combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Supination vs Pronation: Rotation of forearm so that the palm of the hand faces forward, Rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces backward

Eversion vs Inversion: Turning sole of foot outward, Turning sole of foot inward

Plantar flexion vs Dorsi flexion: Moving the foot away from the shin (flexion of the ankle joint), Moving the foot toward the shin (extension of the ankle joint)

Elevation vs Depression: Upward movement of a body part, Downward movement of a body part

Protraction vs Retraction: Forward movement of a body part, Backward movement of a body part

Opposition: Movement of the thumb to touch the other fingers' tip

Front 6

Back 6

Front 7

Back 7

Front 8

Which cavities are anterior? Posterior?

Back 8

Anterior: Thoracic cavity & Abdominopelvic cavity (Seperated by diaphragm)

Posterior: Cranial cavity & Vertebral canal

Front 9

What are the 4 functions of the skeletal system?

Back 9

1. Support and protect other organs such as the heart and brain
2. Serve as the attachment site for skeletal muscles
3. Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
4. Produces different blood cell lineages (only in red bone marrow)

Front 10

What are the 5 different types of bones based on their shape?

Back 10

1. Long bones: consist of long shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphysis). Diaphysis consist of compact bone, epiphysis made of spongy bone covered by thin layer of compact bone. EXAMPLES: Arm, forearm, thigh, leg

2. Short bones: Cuboidal and formed by spongy bone covered by layer of compact bone. EXAMPLES: Wrist and ankle bones

3. FLAT BONES: Two plates of compact bone that sandwich a relatively thick layer of spongy bone. EXAMPLES: Ribs, skull bones

4. IRREGULAR BONES: Lack specific shaped and are formed by spongy core covered by compact bone. EXAMPLE: Vertebrae and facial bones

5. SESAMOID BONES: Partially embedded in some tendons. EXAMPLE: Patella

Front 11

What are the two parts of the skeletal system? Which bones are involved in each part?

Back 11

Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, hyoid, ribs, and sternum

Appendicular skeleton: Appended to axial skeleton by shoulder and pelvic girdles. The shoulder girdle consists of clavicle and scapula and the pelvic girdle is formed by hip bones. UPPER LIMB SKELETON: Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpal bones, Metacarpals, Phalanges. LOWER LIMB SKELETON: Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsal bones, Metatarsals, Phalanges

Front 12

Which are primary? Secondary? Which is(are) static?

Back 12

Primary: Thoracic and sacral (present at birth). These concave anteriorly (KYPHOSIS)

Secondary: Cervical and lumbar (develop later as column develops during life span). These convex anteriorly (LORDOSIS)

SACRAL CURVATURE IS STATIC and the OTHER THREE are DYNAMIC.

Front 13

What is the term for an abnormal lateral deviation?

Back 13

Scoliosis

Front 14

What image is this of?

Back 14

A typical vertebra

Front 15

What is this? What qualities does it have?

Back 15

Typical cervical vertebra (C3-C6)

1. Small square-shaped body
2. Large triangular vertebral foramen
3. Transverse foramen on the transverse process (foramen transversarium)
4. Bifurcated spinous process

Front 16

What vertebra is this?

Back 16

Atlas (C1)

Note that it has no body. Anterior arch of atlas articulates with the odontoid process of Axis (C2)

Front 17

What vertebra is this?

Back 17

Axis (C2). Note the odontoid process (dens axis) and articular process. C2 also has a bifid spinous process and two transverse foramens.

Front 18

What vertebra is this?

Back 18

Axis (C2). Note the odontoid process (dens axis) and articular process. C2 also has a bifid spinous process and two transverse foramens.

Front 19

Describe how Vertebra CVII is different from the other cervical vertebra.

Back 19

The seventh cervical vertebra has the longest spinous process that is NOT BIFURCATED!! (Hence the name PROMINENT VERTEBRA).

*Look at Figure 2.11 in textbook. It looks identical to C3-C6 (typical vertebra) with the ONLY EXCEPTION of having a non-bifurcated spinous process. Be careful of this on the test.

Front 20

What type of vertebra is this? What are some of its features?

Back 20

Typical Thoracic Vertebra (TI - TXII).

1. Costal facets on the sides of the body for aticulation with the head of the ribs
2. Costal facets on the transverse processes for articulartion with the tubercle of the ribs (Vertebrax TXI and TXII do not have this costal facet)
3. Heart-shaped body
4. Small round vertebral foramen
5. Long spinous process that is inclined inferiorly

Front 21

What vertebra is this? What are some of its features?

Back 21

Sacrum. Wedge shaped bone formed by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae.

Apex of bone points inferiorly and articulates with coccyx. Base faces superiorly and articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra.

Front 22

What structure is this? What are its three features?

Back 22

Sternum. Characterized by the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Front 23

How many ribs do humans have? What are they articulated to? Describe which ones are "true ribs", "false ribs", and "free ribs".

Back 23

Humans have 12 ribs. Each rib articulates with the vertebrae on its posterior end (head).

Ribs 1-7 articulate with the sternum via costal cartilages --> "True ribs"

Ribs 8-12 are "False ribs". First three articulate with the 7th costal cartilage in the sternum, the last two do not articulate with the sternum and are "Free ribs".

Front 24

What structure is this? What are its characteristics?

Back 24

This is a typical rib (3-9)

1. Head of rib articulates with the costal facets on the body of the thoracic vertebrae at the corresponding level and the vertebra above

2. Neck of the rib is stretched between the head and costal tubercle.

3. The tubercle of the rib is a small bony elevation that carries an articular surface for aticulation with the costal facet on the transverse process of the corresponding thoracic vertebra

4. The body (shaft) of the rib is a thin flat bony plate that curves anterolaterally.

Front 25

What structure is this? How many compartments are there? What do these compartments/subcompartments hold?

Back 25

Thoracic cage.

Contains three main compartments:
two pleural cavities which each house lung, and a mediastinum between the cavities that houses the heart and other thoracic viscera.

The mediastinum is subdivided into a SUPERIOR and INFERIOR mediastinum. The INFERIOR mediastinum is further divided into an ANTERIOR, MIDDLE, and POSTERIOR mediastina. The MIDDLE mediastinum contains the heart, pericardium, and roots of great vessels which separate the ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR mediastinum.

Front 26

What is the viscerocranium and neurocranium?

Which bones are paired or unpaired?

Back 26

Viscerocranium: Bones which form the framework of the face

Neurocranium: Bones which hold the brain.

These bones are held together by immobile joints called sutures except for the mandible.

Front 27

Back 27

Anterior view of skull

Front 28

Back 28

Lateral view of skull

Front 29

Back 29

superior view of skull

Front 30

Back 30

posterior view of skull

Front 31

Back 31

base of skull (external view)

Front 32

Back 32

Base of skull (internal view)

Front 33

Back 33

Clavicle (superior view). Medial (sternal) end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum to form the STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT. Lateral (acromial) end is flat and articulates withe acromion of the scapula to form the ACOMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT.

Front 34

Back 34

Top: Scapula (anterior) AKA shoulder blade
Bottom: Scapula (posterior)

Overlays ribs 2 and 7 on posterolateral aspect of thorax.

Two surfaces: Anterior posterior
Three borders: Lateral, medial, and superior
Three angles: Superior, inferior, and lateral
Two processes: Acromion (cartilage covering it for articulation with humerus bone) and coracoid

Subscapular fossa is concave.

Front 35

Back 35

Humerus (arm bone).

Head on proximal end articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint).

Greater tubercle located on lateral side of proximal end, lesser tubercle is located anteriorly

Surgical neck is most common site for proximal end fractures.

Radial groove houses the radial nerve.

Front 36

Back 36

Radius on left: Head on proximal end articulates with the capitulum of the humerus at its superior surface. Also articulates with the radial notch of the ulna at its periphery. On the distal end, inferior surface articulates with some of the bones in the proximal row of carpal bones. Ulnar notch located on the medial side of the distal end and articulates with the head of the ulna.

Ulna: Olecranon process is located posteriorly while the coronoid process is located anteriorly. Processes are seperated by TROCHLEAR NOTCH that articulates with trochlea of the humerus. Lateral to the coronoid process there is another notch known as the radial notch that articulates with the circumference of the radial head.

Distal end head articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius laterally and some of the bones of the proximal row of carpal bones inferiorly.

Front 37

What is this?

Which bones are most prone to fracture and dislocation?

Back 37

Carpal bones.

Scaphoid most prone to fracture
Lunate most prone to dislocation

Front 38

What are the three embryonic parts that form this? What does each embryonic part present? Where do they unite?

Back 38

Hip bone: formed by three embryonic parts (ilium, ischium, and pubis) that unite at the point of acetabulum.

Ilium presents: iliac crest, ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS, Gluteal surface, iliac fossa, auricular surface, greater sciatic notch.

Ischium presents: ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity, and ischial ramus.

Pubis presents: body, superior pubic ramus, pectineal line, pubic crest, inferior pubic ramus.

Front 39

Back 39

Note that the sciatic notches are turned into sciatic foramen by sacrotubuous and sacrospinous ligaments.

Front 40

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Front 42

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Front 43

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Front 44

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Front 45

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Front 46

Fibrous joints are divided into which three groups? What are each group's characteristic?

Back 46

1. Sutures: Formed between bones of the skull. Early years have these joints held together by a thin layer of dense CT that eventually replaced by bony tissue

Gomphoses: Formed between roots of teeth and bony socket in maxilla and mandible by an intervening ligament.

3. Syndesmoses: Joints in which the bones are connected to each other by means of a membrane or ligament

Front 47

From a structural point of view, what are the two classes of joints?

Back 47

Synovial and solid

Front 48

Considering the range of motion, how are joints classified?

Back 48

1. Freely movable (diarthrosis)
2. Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
3. Immovable (synarthrosis)

Front 49

Solid joints are divided into:

Back 49

Fibrous or cartilaginous, depending on the type of CT connecting the two bones.

Front 50

Cartilaginous joints are divided into what two groups?

Back 50

1. Synchondroses: joints in which the bones are linked together by hyaline cartilage. Ossified before puberty

2. Symphyses: Joints in which a fibrocartilage disc connects the bone

Front 51

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Front 53

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Front 54

The typical vertebrae is articulated at what points? What type of joint is each one?

What type of joint lies between atlas and axis? Atlas and occipital bone?

Back 54

1. Zygophyseal joints (between superior and inferior articular processes on each side). These are SYNOVIAL PLANAR JOINTS.

2. Joints between vertebral bodies via intervertebral discs. These joints are of the SYMPHYSIS TYPE (they have fibrocartilage separating them).

Atlas and axis are held by the anterior arch of atlas and the odontoid process of axis. This is a SYNOVIAL PIVOT JOINT.

The joints between atlas and occipital bone are classified as SYNOVIAL CONDYLAR JOINTS.

Front 55

Describe how the ribs articulate with the vertebrae.

Back 55

HEAD of rib articulates with the COSTAL FACET (BODY) of the vertebrae.

COSTAL TUBERCLE of rib articulates with the COSTAL FACET (TRANSVERSE PROCESS) of the vertebrae.

These joints are SYNOVIAL PLANAR.

Front 56

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Front 57

Back 57

Sacroiliac joints: Formed between auricular surfaces of the sacrum and hip bones. SYNOVIAL PLANAR. These joints transfer weight to lower part of limb. Supported by anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments.

Pubic symphysis: Formed between the pubic parts of the right and left hip bones. SYMPHYSIS TYPE OF JOINT.

Front 58

Back 58

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a CONDYLAR SYNOVIAL JOINT. There is an articular disc between the articular surfaces.

Front 59

Back 59

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint: Formed between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Shoulder joint is a ball and socket synovial joint. Mainly supported by superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments.

Front 60

How many joints are there in the elbow? What are the structures that are articulated to each other? What types of ligaments hold what?

Back 60

There is a SYNOVIAL JOINT COMPLEX made up of 3 components: Humeroulnar joint (trochlea with trochlear notch, supported by ulnar collateral ligament), humeroradial joint (capitulum with superior surface of the head of the radius, supported by radial collateral ligament), and proximal radioulnar joint. This complex is invested by the same fibrous capsule. The first two joints are involved in SYNOVIAL HINGE.

Proximal radioulnar joint is PIVOT SYNOVIAL JOINT between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna. Head of the radius is held against the radial notch of the ulna by ANNULAR LIGAMENT.

All three radioulnar joints are involved in supination and pronation movements of the forearm.

Front 61

Back 61

Top: Right hip joint. Formed between head of femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone. Hip joint is a BALL AND SOCKET SYNOVIAL JOINT. Joint is supported by 3 ligaments.

Bottom. Left hip joints.

Front 62

Back 62

Complex joint composed of two components:

1. Formed between femoral condyles and the superior surface of the tibial condyles. BICONDYLAR SYNOVIAL JOINT. Medial (tibal) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments provide side-to-side stablity of the joint while the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments provide antero-posterior stability of the joint. Cruciate ligaments are located inside the joint capsule.

2. Between the patellar surface of the femur and the posterior surface of the patella.

Front 63

Back 63

Formed between the distal end of the tibia and fibula and the body of talus and is of HINGE SYNOVIAL TYPE.

Front 64

Back 64

Formed between the distal end of the tibia and fibula and the body of talus and is of HINGE SYNOVIAL TYPE.

Front 65

Where does the spinal cord start and end? Where are enlargements found?

Back 65

Starts a C1 and goes to L1/L2.

Enlargements are found in its cervical region and lumbosacral region. Cervical enlargements help the upper body function. Lumbar enlargements help the lower body function. The spinal chord tapers off forming a conus medullaris.

Front 66

Where do the motor and sensory neurons emerge?

What is a dorsal root ganglion?

Back 66

Motor: Anterolateral sulcus

Sensory: Posterolateral sulcus

Doral root ganglion is something each posterior root of spinal nerve has, housing the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Front 67

Which segments of the vertebrae are the lateral horns present in?

Back 67

Segment spanning T1 to L2 (sympathetic).

Segment spanning S2 to S4 (parasympathetic).

Front 68

Back 68