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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why use pre-medications? |
Provide smoother induction Smoother anaesthetic Allow to maintain on lower volatile agents Promote a relaxed state Prevent excitement |
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Factors which affect choice of pre-med |
Ongoing conditions - heart conditions/seizure hx Age of patient - decreased organ function Type and length of procedure performed Availability of drugs at hospital - cannot use what you do not have Species and breed of patient - boxers may be more sensitive to ACP, brachycephalic dogs etc Personal preference and familiarity Temperament of patient Concurrent medications - steroids and NSAIDs If want to address specific needs - anti-emetics etc Previous anaesthetic hx - may want to use drugs the patient has had before |
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Give example of parasymapthetic antagonist |
Atropine |
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Give example if a-2 adrenoreceptor agonist |
Medetomidine Dexmedetomidine Xylazine |
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Give example of a Benzodiazepine |
Diazepam (Valium) Midazolam (Hypnovel) |
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Give an example of a Phenothiazine |
Acepromazine |
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What is an a-2 antagonist? |
Atipamezole |
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How does a parasymapthetic antagonist work? |
Antimuscarinic - drying agent Inhibit vagal nerve action which preventa arrythmias and bradycardia Useful in: Ocular surgery Head and neck surgery Cardiac surgery |
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How does an a-2 agonist work? |
Provides good analgesia Provides sedation/has narcotic effect which is dose-dependant Can be reversed with an a-2 antagonist |
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How does a Benzodiazepine work? |
Is a good anti-epileptic/seizure Good sedative Good muscle relaxant Impairs memory Little effect on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems Relatively safe to use Can be reversed with flumazenil |
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How does a Phenothiazine work? |
Provides a spasmolytic effect - prevents contractions of smooth muscle (vessels) -> vasodilation Anti-emetic effect Anti-arrythmic effect Good sedative effect |
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What is the TRIAD of anaesthesia? |
Narcosis & Analgesia & Relaxation |
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Define NEUROLEPTANALGESIA |
Analgesia with an altered mental state For example, any combination of sedative and opioid. |
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Definte pre-emptive analgesia |
Administration of analgesia before a painful stimuli occurs |
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Define multi-modal analgesia |
Analgesia wilhich interrupts pain pathways at more than one stage E.g. opioid and NSAID |
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How and where do opioids work? |
Act on mu receptors in the spine which prevent pain message transmittion to the brain. Mimick the action of endogenous endorphins |
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How and where do NSAIDs work? |
Work peripherally at the site of inflammation. Newer NSAIDs are more selective and act on COX-2 enzymes which interrupt inflammatory pathways. Older NSAIDs act on COX enzymes which interrupt inflammatory pathways but also affect protective machanisms like the production of mucous in the stomach lining or the protective layers of the kidneys and liver which can result in decrease in organ function. |
