American Heritage Midterm 2 Exam

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Federalist

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A political group FOR ratification of constitution.

Used merits of case to argue, answering q's point by point

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Anti-Federalist

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Opposed to constitution's ratification

wanted something more like neighborly "Our Town'

Personal sovereignty

Local cultures

Opposed to:

1) considered 'aristocratic government'

2)NO such thing as 'extended republic'

3) To vague

--No bill of rights!

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The Federalist

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Essays written to gain support for Constitution.

Pseudonym Publius but written by Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.

--explains democratic & republican sides of constitution

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natural rights

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Rights given to people by nature and protected by government

When framing Bill of Rights, concerns were with real life application and undermining governing.

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Civil Rights

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solution to natural rights--Rights are defined in narrow terms, concrete language. Narrow quarters.

Coded references

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'The Great Oughts'

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Three parts of Bill of Rights left vague

Freedom of conscience (religion)

Freedom of expression (speech)

Freedom of privacy

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Edmund Randolph

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governor of Virginia

Refused to sign Constitution because it had no Bill of Rights

Later helped get Constitution ratified in Virginia

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Samuel Adams

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Signed Declaration of Independence

Opposed Constitution, Anti-Federalist

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Alexander Hamilton

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1st Secretary of Treasury

Co-writer of The Federalist

Founder of Federalist party

Beliefs:

Common people not trusted

Always rulers

Looking at HOW a great nation should be

Proposed national government should:

1) Assume war debt of all states

2)pay off debt of federal gov & have financial reputation

3) establish a Bank of US

4) negotiate trade w/ Britain

5) Impose taxes on imported goods

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William Marbury

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Sued Madison for delivery of commission being withheld

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John Marshall

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Supreme Court justice

Ruled that Constitution is supreme

Thus establishing judicial review

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George Mason

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Anti-federalist

At assembly hall to argue against Constitution

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Patrick Henry

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Anti-Federalist

At assembly hall to argue against Constitution

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John Jay

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A founding father

Co-writer of Federalist

1st Supreme Court justice

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George Washington

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1st president

unanimous vote

Established tradition

Mr. President

NO advice from senate

warned against parties in farewell speech

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Elbridge Gerry

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Refused to sign constitution because it was too compromised

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Views of Delegates on Constitution

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some left convention in disgust, three framers even refused to sign it. Promised to fight it. People saw nation as too radical.

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How Federalist handled Bill of Rights issue

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Promised they would amend the constitution by adding in the Bill of Rights(nothing held them to the promise however), did it against all odds

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How Judicial Review was established

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Judicial review established in Marbury vs. Madison by John Marshall, decided that Constitution ruled. Supreme Court over other courts. Allowing supreme court to evaluate laws.

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Reasons for NO Bills of Rights in original Constitution

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Trusted Constitution would protect rights better than enumerated list, which would be necessarily incomplete of citizens rights

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Examples of Narrow Rights

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Bear arms, No quartering, Speedy trial

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Examples of broad rights

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conscience, expression, privacy

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Right of Privacy is located where in Constitution?

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Is not explicitly in Constitution but can be inferred by 1st, 3rd, 4th amendments

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Loyal opposition

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when losers continue to support even if against their beliefs

Founders didn't believe or maybe understand concept as they dealt w/ intense opposition

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Thomas Jefferson

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1st secretary of state

society w/small government

Farmers make up ideal society

supported French revolution

narrow interpretation of constitution's powers

Saw westward expansion as common man's destiny, American heartland, wanted up to 14 new states

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Democratic-Republican Party

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Wanted narrow and strict interpretation of constitution

Jefferson and Madison lead

Self reliant individuals with protected rights, small government

Support French Revolution and alliances w/France

narrow constitutional powers

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Federalist Party

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NOT same thing as federalist

Hamilton and John Adams

America as great empire dominating Western hemisphere

Support alliances w/ Britain

Powerful federal government

Broad interpretation of constitution

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James Madison

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co-writer of The Federalist

drafted Bill of Rights

part of Democratic-Republican Party

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original consent

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giving consent the 1st time, such as ratifying Constitution

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periodic consent

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continuing consent at certain intervals to a provision or law

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filtered consent

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consent that is distanced from people through filters such as indirect elections, time between elections, size of representation

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plurality

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largest share of total votes, not percentage

largest block of votes cast

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electoral college

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indirect election occurring every for years for president

(filter of consent)

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majority

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would require a run-off election

(more than half of votes cast)

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Jeffersonians

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supporters of Jefferson

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Hamiltonians

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Supporters of Hamilton

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John Adams

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leader of Federalist party

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Filter for House of Representatives:

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Not filtered but direct election by people

based on population

Representative was for 30,000 people

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President filter

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indirect through electoral college every 4 years

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Federal Judge

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Serve for life, appointed by President and approved by senate

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Deep Change

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A fundamental shift in society

often slow

Big change for USA due to land, open space, tech, eager population, great founding

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Charles Darwin

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Theory of evolution

Lead to major social, cultural, religious implications

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Karl Marx

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Economist theorist

Attacked market economy

Immorality of market income & historical forces

Generate socialism and communism movements

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Sigmund Freud

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Psychology beyond man's control

Behavior influenced by subconscious & external factors beyond control

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Albert Einstein

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Theoretical physicist

Special and General Theories of Relativity

and e=mc2

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New Deal

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Franklin D. Roosevelt gave government blank check power to do anything to improve economy

inflate money, regulate industry, give jobs

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Federalism

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Founders believed in sticking with the Constitution to limit federal power

Government began getting more and more powerful

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Franklin D Roosevelt

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Only president to serve 4 terms

Helped country struggle through Great Depression

New Deal

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judicial activism

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using judicial power to achieve social goals

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Big Stick

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Teddy Roosevelt used to represent military might of nation

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League of Nations

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Part of Wilson's 14 points following WWI

Group of nations dedicated to peace

Vetoed by USA itself

BUT United Nations formed after WWII

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Woodrow Wilson

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Helped form Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations, 14 points

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Andrew Jackson

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Government is best which governs least

Free economy

Champion of democracy

Rid of US Bank, reforms to keep government small

More political involvement for common man

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Examples of Deep Change in USA

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Population-went from under 4 million to over 290 million

Health and Longevity-life expectancy increase, mortality increase for 1 in 5 to 1 in 150

birthrate-decline

families-shrunk from 4.6 to 2.5, more single, unmarried, illegitimate

immigration-major immigration flow

migration westward-millions moved west

urbanization-went from 8 cities to 1,800 cities

pollution-air quality decrease

Crime-homicide rates increase, rape, sexual assaults. Increasing white collar crimes: forgery, embezzlement, fraud, identity theft.

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Examples of growth rate of USA:

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Immigration

A higher birth rate

Increasing life expectancy

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Examples of boosterism:

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Boosterism--promoting town in excessive manner to increase quality and public perception

Frontier West, "Garden of Eden"

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How America's relationship with world affected constitutional government:

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Previous concept of isolationism

Changed as world shrunk

Began to seek freedom for all

WWI formal recognition

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How Government's role w/economy has changed over time:

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Early debates were free market vs. mercantilism

Jackson=free market

Events occurred, government stepped in, now regulations and requirements for fair competition

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How federalism is kept in balance

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Constitution

State rights and federal rights

Changes every time there is war and instability, increase in federal power

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Limits of Judicial Review

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Ignores state power

Ignores due process clause

Ignores will of people

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political machine

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Delivering the vote

historic use of illegal means like buying votes and intimidating

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popular campaigning

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embraces crowd manners

ballyhoo

speaking from stumps

entertainment

Popular heroes as candidates

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political convention

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candidates nominated at grand convention, not by elite

Nomination occurs in ballyhoo party style

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aristocracy

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wealthy, elite run nation

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Reasons Congress did not want West as states:

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Derivative characters

Depended on East for capital, institutions, knowledge.

Could lead to democracy, wanted to maintain aristocratic standards

Attracted misfits and illegals

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popular government

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government common people would and could consent to

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Andrew Jackson's political strategy

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Had an attitude of public togetherness and he would invite common people over for cheese and crackers.

Frontrunner for democracy

Voice of common people

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Tactics of political machines

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rig ballot boxes

buy votes

intimidate supporters

welfare agencies--provding bail and Christmas turkey

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What solved problem of the west:

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Northwest Ordinance of 1785&1787--set up as republics that would be added to the union

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Stephen A. Douglas

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Ran on platform of popular sovereignty for slavery case

Authored Kansas-Nebraska Act

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Missouri Compromise

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Agreement between slavery and anti-slavery factions, regulated slavery in west, prohibited slavery above Arkansas, permitted in South

did little to actually solve problem

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Robert E. Lee

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Confederate general

surrended in Appomattox

urged reconciliation w/north

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George B. McCllelan

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Union general

failed to press advantage at Battle of Antietam

Was relived of position by Abe Lincoln later

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confederacy

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alliance of Southern states seceding over slavery

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factionalism

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nation ha multiple factions competing against each other, can lead to tyranny

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sectionalism

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factionalism on larger scale, but fewer factions

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Dred Scott

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Slave that sued for freedom cause his master moved to a free state

Lost, saying he was property

Nullified Missouri Compromise and led to Civil War

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Chief Justice Roger Tanner

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most weighed opinion in Supreme Court case against Dred Scott.

Ended controversy by declaring Missouri Compromise dead

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John Breckenridge

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ran against Lincoln on an extreme Pro-slavery platform

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John Bell

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ran against Lincoln on moderate pro-slavery platform

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Abe Lincoln

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Sought to end slavery & preserve union

Signed Emancipation Proclamation & delivered Gettysburg address

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13th Amendment

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abolished slavery in USA

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14th Amendment

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removed 3/5 clause

Prohibited those in top tiers of confederacy from government office

repudiated confederacy debts

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15th amendment

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guaranteed right of all adult males to vote

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secession

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formal withdrawal of states from nation

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What voter sentiment looked like in 1860 election

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Wide diversity of opinion. Rather than regular 2 candidates. Now, 4 candidates are going at it. Votes regionalized.

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3 Major Structural changes that took place after Civil War

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1) Established character of federal/state relationship

2) Three amendments adapted to eliminate slavery

3) "New birth of Freedom" and unanswered questions of racial rights

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What is Lincoln's hope for future in his 2nd Inagaural address?

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He hopes war will end

He hopes wounds of nation will be healed

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Emancipation Proclamation

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Freed slaves in areas of insurrection