Aicp Exam Prep

Front 1

Frederick Law Olmsted Senior

Back 1

Mid 1800s – Central Park

Front 2

Edward Bassett

Back 2

1916 New
York City Zoning Code

Front 3

Robert Moses

Back 3

1920s New York Parks
and Parkways

Front 4

Jane Jacobs

Back 4

Death and Life of
Great American Cities, 1961

Front 5

Rachel Carson

Back 5

Silent Spring,
1961

Front 6

Ian McHarg

Back 6

Design with
Nature, 1969

Front 7

First National Park

Back 7

Yellowstone 1872

Front 8

First National Wildlife
Refuge

Back 8

Florida 1903

Front 9

First historic preservation
commission

Back 9

New Orleans
1921

Front 10

First off-street parking
regulations

Back 10

Columbus, OH
1923

Front 11

First limited access
highway

Back 11

Bronx River
Parkway, 1926

Front 12

New York City zoning
ordinance

Back 12

1916

Front 13

National Interstate
and Defense Highways Act

Back 13

1956

Front 14

Intermodal Surface
Transportation Efficiency
Act (ISTEA)

Back 14

1991

Front 15

Transportation Equity
Act for the 21st Century

Back 15

1998

Front 16

First Urban Growth
Boundary

Back 16

Lexington, Kentucky 1958

Front 17

Oregon Land Use Act

Back 17

1973

Front 18

NEPA

Back 18

1969

Front 19

Clean Air Act

Back 19

1970

Front 20

Clean Water Act

Back 20

1972

Front 21

Coastal Zone Management Act

Back 21

1972

Front 22

Endangered Species
Act

Back 22

1973

Front 23

Superfund Act

Back 23

1980

Front 24

First National
Conference on City
Planning

Back 24

1901

Front 25

American City
Planning Institute

Back 25

1917, First President Frederick Law
Olmsted Junior

Front 26

American Society of
Planning Officials

Back 26

1934 Alfred Bettman

Front 27

APA/AICP Created

Back 27

1979. Merger of ASPO and ACPI

Front 28

Rational Planning Model

Back 28

Myerson and Banfield

Front 29

Incremental Planning

Back 29

Charles Lindblom

Front 30

Advocacy Planning

Back 30

Paul Davidoff

Front 31

Ladder of Citizen Participation

Back 31

Sherry Arnstein 1969

Front 32

Daniel Burnham

Back 32

1893. City Beautiful

Front 33

Ebenezer Howard

Back 33

1898. Garden Cities

Front 34

LeCorbusier

Back 34

1920. Radiant City

Front 35

Ernest Burgess

Back 35

1925. Concentric Ring
Theory

Front 36

Frank Lloyd Wright

Back 36

1932. Broad Acre City

Front 37

Homer Hoyt

Back 37

1939. Sector Theory

Front 38

Harris and Ullman

Back 38

Multiple Nuclei Theory

Front 39

Harvey Molotch

Back 39

Growth Machine Theory

Front 40

Andres Duany

Back 40

1982, New Urbanism, Seaside Florida

Front 41

Joel Garreau

Back 41

1991. Edge City

Front 42

Robert Lang

Back 42

2002. Edgeless City

Front 43

Berman versus Parker

Back 43

1954. Eminent Domain

Front 44

Nollan versus California
Coastal Commission

Back 44

1987. Takings

Front 45

City of Ladue versus Gilleo

Back 45

1994. Freedom of Speech

Front 46

Golden versus Planning Board of the Town of
Ramapo

Back 46

1972. Growth Management

Front 47

Mount Laurel

Back 47

1975. Housing

Front 48

Kelo versus City of New London

Back 48

2005. Eminent Domain

Front 49

Lingle versus Chevron USA

Back 49

2005. Takings

Front 50

City of Rancho Palos Verdes versus Abrams

Back 50

2005. Telecommunications Act

Front 51

San Remo Hotel versus
City and County of San
Francisco

Back 51

State courts can
adjudicate challenges to land-use decisions

Front 52

Planning at the National level

Back 52

Federal Housing programs.
Federal Transportation
decisions.
Federal Environmental
Protection programs

Front 53

Planning for Multi-State or Bi-State
Regions

Back 53

Watershed planning.
Tennessee Valley Authority.
Hoover Dam.
Commuting patterns.

Front 54

Planning at the State Level

Back 54

Floodplain development
regulations.
Environmental protection
standards.
Dillon Rule or Home Rule.

Front 55

Planning for Sub-state Regions

Back 55

Adirondack Park.
Outer Banks

Front 56

Planning at the County Level

Back 56

Hazard Mitigation Planning.
Growth Management

Front 57

Planning for Urban Areas

Back 57

Urban Heat Island.
Infill development.
Traffic management

Front 58

Planning for Suburban Areas

Back 58

Sprawl. Aging infrastructure. Decay. Blight

Front 59

Planning for Small Towns

Back 59

Water supply and
increasing connections to
the water system.
Decline of the farm
economy – economic
development.
Protecting the character of
the town.

Front 60

Corridor Planning

Back 60

Parking.
Connectivity.
Design.
Safety.
Turning lanes.

Front 61

Neighborhood Planning

Back 61

Clarence Perry –
Neighborhood unit concept.

Access to grocery stores,
services

Front 62

Waterfront Planning

Back 62

Variety of land uses and
economic interests.
Residential, Retail,
Commercial,
Institutional.
Tourism, Shipping
Evacuation.

Front 63

Historic District Planning

Back 63

Regulations.
Façade.
Limit heavy traffic.
Organizations.
Commissions.

Front 64

Downtown Planning

Back 64

Business Improvement
District (BID).
Street cleaning.
Signage.
Events.
Street trees.

Front 65

Telecommunications Act

Back 65

1996

Front 66

“New Law” regulates tenement housing

Back 66

1901. New York City

Front 67

First official and permanent local planning board

Back 67

Hartford. 1907

Front 68

First National Conference on City Planning

Back 68

Washington DC. 1909

Front 69

First state enabling legislation permitting cities to plan

Back 69

Wisconsin. 1909

Front 70

Burnham creates first regional plan

Back 70

Chicago Plan. 1909

Front 71

First land use zoning ordinance

Back 71

Los Angeles. 1909

Front 72

First course in city planning

Back 72

Harvard. 1909

Front 73

Philadelphia plan

Back 73

1682. Grid system & neighborhood parks. William Penn. Thomas Holme

Front 74

Annapolis plan

Back 74

1695. Radiocentric Francis Nicholson

Front 75

Washington Grand, whole city plan

Back 75

1790. Pierre L’Enfant

Front 76

Paris Model for “City Beautiful”

Back 76

1852-1870. Napoleon III; Haussmann

Front 77

Central Park

Back 77

1856. Park First major purchase of parkland. Frederick Law Olmsted Senior

Front 78

Riverside, Illinois

Back 78

1869. Model curved street “suburb.” Frederick Law Olmsted Senior and Calvert Vaux

Front 79

Pullman, Illinois

Back 79

1880. Model industrial town. George Pullman

Front 80

Agrarian Philosophy 1800’S

Back 80

1800s. Thomas Jefferson and Hector Saint John deCrevecoeur

Front 81

Laissez Faire Philosophy

Back 81

1800s. Adam Smith

Front 82

Public Health Movement

Back 82

Late 1800s to 1920.

Front 83

First modern land-­-use zoning in US

Back 83

San Francisco. 1867. Forbade slaughterhouses in geographic districts

Front 84

First major tenement house controls

Back 84

New York City. 1867 and 1879.

Front 85

60% of city flees from yellow fever; of those who remain, 80% get sick; 25% die

Back 85

Memphis. 1879.

Front 86

Parks Movement

Back 86

Late 1800s through early 1900s

Front 87

Central Park

Back 87

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux

Front 88

Minneapolis park system

Back 88

1883. Horace W. S. Cleveland

Front 89

Boston – extensive regional park system

Back 89

1891. Charles Eliot and Sylvester Baxter

Front 90

City Beautiful Movement Major Actors

Back 90

Burnham. Olmsted Senior., McKim. Saint Gaudens. Gottlieb.

Front 91

The “White City”

Back 91

1893. Columbian Exposition. Burnham, Olmsted Senior

Front 92

McMillan Plan for Washington DC

Back 92

1902. Update of L’Enfant’s Plan. Burnham, Olmsted Junior

Front 93

First major application of City Beautiful in United States.

Back 93

1906 San Francisco Plan. Burnham, Bennett.

Front 94

First metro regional plan

Back 94

1909. Chicago Plan. Burnam.

Front 95

Garden City Movement Key Actors

Back 95

Ebenezer Howard and John Ruskin

Front 96

“Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform”

Back 96

Ebenezer Howard. 1898.

Front 97

Letchworth and Welwyn

Back 97

Unwin. DeSessions. 1903 and 1920 Letchworth. by Unwin. 1903 and 1920. Welwyn. by DeSessions. 1919 and 1934. Welwyn introduces superblock

Front 98

Radiant City

Back 98

1920. LeCorbusier

Front 99

“If the ends don’t justify the means, then what the hell does?”

Back 99

Robert Moses

Front 100

"Make no little plans for they have no magic to stir men's blood... Make big plans, aim high in hope and work"

Back 100

Daniel Burnham

Front 101

"A budget may be characterized as a series of goals with price tags attached”

Back 101

Aaron Wildavsky

Front 102

Concentric Ring Theory

Back 102

1925. Ernest Burgess.

Front 103

City Efficient Movement

Back 103

Characterized by standardization. 1910s. 1920s.

Front 104

Planning mandatory for local governments. Planning boards required

Back 104

Massachusetts. 1913

Front 105

First comprehensive zoning ordinance

Back 105

New York. 1916.

Front 106

American City Planning Institute established

Back 106

1917. Kansas City.

Front 107

Standard State Enabling Act

Back 107

1922. Department of Commerce.

Front 108

First regional planning board

Back 108

Los Angeles County. 1922

Front 109

First comprehensive plan based on welfare of city as a whole

Back 109

Cincinnatti. 1925

Front 110

Supreme Court upholds comprehensive zoning

Back 110

1926. Euclid versus Ambler Realty Company

Front 111

Standard City Planning Enabling Ac

Back 111

1928. Department of Commerce.

Front 112

Radburn, New Jersey

Back 112

1929. Garden City inspired by Ebenezer Howard. Innovative neighborhood design

Front 113

First school of city planning

Back 113

Harvard. 1929.

Front 114

“Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs”

Back 114

1929.

Front 115

Period for City Humane Movement

Back 115

1930s

Front 116

Broad Acre City

Back 116

Frank Lloyd Wright presented the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932. Opposite of transit-­-oriented development. – All important transport is done by automobile and the pedestrian can exist safely only within the confines of the one acre plots where most of the population dwells.

Front 117

Sector Theory

Back 117

1939. Homer Hoyt. Development sectors and wedges along transport arteries.

Front 118

City Functional Movement

Back 118

1940s

Front 119

Multiple Nuclei Theory

Back 119

1945. Harris and Ullman.

Front 120

“Image of the City”

Back 120

Kevin Lynch. 1960. Basic elements of "imageability" including paths, edges, nodes, districts, landmarks.

Front 121

The urban growth simulation model first emerges

Back 121

Penn-­-Jersey Transportation Study. 1962.

Front 122

Pittsburg Community Redevelopment Model

Back 122

1968

Front 123

Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk

Back 123

New Urbanism -­- Seaside, Florida. 1982.

Front 124

Joel Garreau

Back 124

Edge Cities. 1991

Front 125

Allan Jacobs

Back 125

Making City Planning Work. 1978.

Front 126

Robert Lang.

Back 126

Edgeless Cities. 2002.

Front 127

Rational Planning Model

Back 127

Myerson and Banfield.

Front 128

Incremental Planning

Back 128

Charles Lindblom

Front 129

Advocacy Planning

Back 129

Paul Davidoff

Front 130

Ladder of Participation

Back 130

Sherry Arnstein. 1969

Front 131

Father of Regional Planning

Back 131

Patrick Geddes

Front 132

Father of Zoning

Back 132

Edward Bassett

Front 133

Father of City Planning

Back 133

Daniel Burnham

Front 134

Father of Modern Ecology

Back 134

Ian McHarg

Front 135

Father of Modern Housing Code

Back 135

Lawrence Veiller

Front 136

Father of Advocacy Planning

Back 136

Paul Davidoff

Front 137

Lawrence Veiller

Back 137

New York City Housing Code.1901

Front 138

Robert Moses

Back 138

New York City Planner 1920s. Bronx Parkway.

Front 139

Clarence Perry

Back 139

Neighborhood Unit.

Front 140

William Alonso

Back 140

Bid Rent Theory (1960)

Front 141

Edward Bassett

Back 141

Heights of Buildings Commission. New York City be zoned and districted.
Father of Zoning.

Front 142

Catherine Bauer

Back 142

Modern Housing. 1934. Focused on low rent housing needs in America. It advocated for the role of government in assuring housing for all.

Front 143

Benjamin Marsh

Back 143

An Introduction to City Planning. 1909. Urged governmental action to address public health crises.

Front 144

Walter D. Moody

Back 144

Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago. 1912

Front 145

Flavel Shurtleff

Back 145

Carrying Out the City Plan. 1914. Olmstead co-authored. First study of state planning law.

Front 146

Patrick Geddes

Back 146

Cities in Evolution. 1915. All planning should preserve the unique historic character of the city and involve citizens in the planning of its development,

Front 147

Nelson P. Lewis

Back 147

The Planning of the Modern City. 1916. Viewed the problems of city planning as engineering problems.

Front 148

Charles Mulford Robinson

Back 148

City Planning. 1916.

With Special Reference to the Planning of Streets and Lots

Front 149

Ernest Burgess and Louis Wirth

Back 149

The City. 1925. Concentric Ring Theory

Front 150

John Nolen

Back 150

New Towns for Old. 1927. Planned Venice, California and Mariemont, Ohio with funding from Mary Emery in 1923.

Front 151

Le Corbusier

Back 151

Toward a New Architecture. 1927. Radiant City.

Front 152

Clarence Perry

Back 152

Neighborhood Unit. 1929.

Front 153

Frank Lloyd Wright

Back 153

The Disappearing City. 1932. Broad Acre City.

Front 154

Homer Hoyt

Back 154

The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities. 1939. Sector Theory.

Front 155

Ladislas Segoe

Back 155

Local Planning Administration. 1941. The Green Book. This was a manual for administrative practice of planning.

Front 156

Aldo Leopold

Back 156

Sand County Almanac. 1949. Co-founder of The Wilderness Society. Wildlife management and intrinsic value of nature.

Front 157

Wright and Stein

Back 157

Designed Radburn, New Jersey

Front 158

Meyerson and Banfield

Back 158

Politics, Planning, and the Public Interest. 1955. Rational Planning. Emphasized idea that "making the plan has to be inherently a process that organizes public and political support."

Front 159

Harvey S. Perloff

Back 159

Education for Planning. 1957. This book became the foundation for planning education.

Front 160

F. Stuart Chapin

Back 160

Urban Land Use Planning. 1957. Accepted as one of the standard texts on planning practice

Front 161

Kevin Lynch

Back 161

The Image of the City. 1960.

Front 162

Lewis Mumford

Back 162

The City in History. Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects. 1961. History of cities.

Front 163

Jane Jacobs

Back 163

The Death and Life of Great American Cities. 1961.

Front 164

Rachel Carson

Back 164

Silent Spring. 1962.

Front 165

T.J. Kent

Back 165

The Urban General Plan. 1964. History of the use, characteristics, and purpose of the urban comprehensive plan, and how it was currently being applied.

Front 166

Ian McHarg

Back 166

Design with Nature. 1969.

Front 167

Christopher Alexander

Back 167

A Pattern Language. Towns, Buildings, Construction. 1977. Detailed accounting of the patterns of urban architecture

Front 168

Allan Jacobs

Back 168

Making City Planning Work. 1978. Planning Director for San Francisco. Offering stories of what city planning was really like in San Francisco. Published Great Streets in 1993.

Front 169

Frank So

Back 169

The Practice of Local Government Planning. 1979. The Green Book. ICMA

Front 170

William H. Whyte

Back 170

The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. 1980.

Front 171

Dolores Hayden

Back 171

Redesigning the American Dream. 1984. The development of the American urban landscape seen through a domestic lens.

Front 172

Peter Hall

Back 172

Cities of Tomorrow. 1988.

Front 173

Norman Krumholz

Back 173

Making Equity Planning Work. 1990. Planning Director City of Cleveland.

Front 174

Joel Garreau

Back 174

Edge City. 1991

Front 175

Randall Arendt

Back 175

Rural By Design. Maintaining Small Town Character. 1994

Front 176

Peter Calthorpe

Back 176

The Regional City. Planning for the End of Sprawl. 2000. New Urbanism. Helped popularize TOD and New Urbanism

Front 177

Robert Lang

Back 177

Edgeless City. 2002. Coined term "boomburgs" for new form of mostly metropolitan mostly Sunbelt city growth.

Front 178

Richard Florida

Back 178

The Rise of the Creative Class. 2002.

Front 179

Donald C. Shoup

Back 179

The High Cost of Free Parking. 2005

Front 180

Saul Alinsky

Back 180

Community organizer, writer, activist. Rules for Radicals. 1971. Organized 'Back of the Yards' in Chicago and other slums in the 1930s. Moved to work in black ghettos in 1950s. Planned on organizing white middle class, known at the time as the silent majority

Front 181

Lawrence Haworth

Back 181

The Good City 1963. Philosophical approach to city planning needed before sociological or architectural. A good city provides opportunity and community, but modern cities favor opportunity overwhelmingly. Institutional structures are the not very sexy answer to the problem.

Front 182

Alan Altshuler

Back 182

The Goals of Comprehensive Planning - a 1965 blistering critique of comprehensive planning. Not feasible, not politically viable, no professional legitimacy. Challenged planners to build their theoretical arsenal. Sparked alternative methodologies: systems theory, middle-range bridge, mixed scanning, and advocacy planning. Judith Innes answers with consensus building.

Front 183

Harland Bartholomew

Back 183

1914 -first full-time city planner in US (Newark, New Jersey)

Front 184

Herbert Simon

Back 184

He coined the terms bounded rationality and satisficing.

Front 185

John Friedman

Back 185

Transactive Planning and Radical Planning. Planning in the Public Domain(1987) put forward the radical planning model of decolonization, democratization, self-empowerment, reaching out.

Front 186

Peter Drucker

Back 186

Founder of modern management field. Management by objectives - a process of agreeing on objectives across all parts of an organization to ensure buy-in. Coined the term knowledge worker.

Front 187

Louis Wirth

Back 187

Urbanism as a Way of Life (1938) a classic essay. Felt that urbanism harmed culture and eroded and delayed families, but that also offered many benefits. Co-author of The Citywith Burgess & Park.

Front 188

William Levitt

Back 188

Father of Suburbia. Applied assembly line techniques to home construction after WWII. Faster to build + affordable = massive more to home ownership on urban fringes. 17,000 homes in Levittown, PA. Levittown, NY his first big project.

Front 189

George P. Marsh

Back 189

1880s. One of the first geographers to see humans as shaping the environment. May be America's first environmentalist.

Front 190

Walter Christaller

Back 190

Central Place Theory in 1933. Saw cities as systems of human settlements with size, location, and services determined by position in a hierarchy of places.

Front 191

William Alonso

Back 191

Bid-rent function theory - says that a land use's distance from the CBD is a factor of the intensity of use, population, and employment.

Front 192

Edmund Bacon

Back 192

Philadelphia Planning Director. Design of Cities is his 1967 seminal text, relates international work of city designers throughout the ages to the contemporary city.

Front 193

Benjamin Marsh

Back 193

Executive Secretary to the New York City Committee on Congestion of Population, which formed in 1907. An Introduction to City Planning. 1909. First book in US dedicated city planning. Organized first national meeting on planning, the National Conference on City Planning & Congestion in DC in 1909.

Front 194

Jane Addams

Back 194

In 1889, cofounded Hull House in Chicago. Hull House offered night classes and a host of other community services and amenities, fostered cross-class interaction.

Front 195

Ladislaus Segoe

Back 195

Local Planning Administration in 1941 makes the case for integration of planning profession into local government. Worked on 1925Cincinnati Plan with Alfred Bettman.

Front 196

James Rouse

Back 196

Mall developer in 1950s. Coined term "mall" to describe. Introduced malls to create suburban town centers. In 1960s, turned to planned communities. Developer of Columbia, Maryland, which opened in 1967.

Front 197

Edward Bennett

Back 197

Minneapolis plan. Worked with Burnham on San Francisco plan.

Front 198

Erie Canal

Back 198

completed in 1825

Front 199

Formed first transcontinental railroad

Back 199

1869. Union Pacific and Central Pacific joint at Promontory Point, Utah

Front 200

First American City with a subway

Back 200

Boston in 1897

Front 201

Jean Gottmann

Back 201

termed the word Megalopolis (1962)

Front 202

APA Formed

Back 202

ACIP and ASPO joined in 1978

Front 203

Rexford Tugwell

Back 203

Served as the head of the Resettlement Administration. He worked on the greenbelt cities program.

Front 204

Zip Code stands for what?

Back 204

Zone Improvement Plan Code

Front 205

First historic preservation commission was formed where?

Back 205

Vieux Carre, New
Orleans

Front 206

First historic preservation ordinance

Back 206

Charleston, South Carolina

Front 207

First Department Store

Back 207

Salt Lake City

Front 208

How many square feet in an acre?

Back 208

43,560

Front 209

How many feet in a mile?

Back 209

5,280

Front 210

How many acres in one hectare?

Back 210

2.47

Front 211

How many acres in one square mile?

Back 211

640

Front 212

First urban growth boundary

Back 212

Lexington, Kentucky in 1958

Front 213

First state to institute statewide zoning

Back 213

Hawaii in 1961

Front 214

First Public water system

Back 214

Philadelphia

Front 215

First Planning Commission

Back 215

Hartford, Connecticut (1907)

Front 216

First Board of Survey

Back 216

Philadelphia

Front 217

First Regional Planning Commission

Back 217

Los Angeles

Front 218

First Zoning Ordinance

Back 218

New York City. 1916

Front 219

First Height Limitation and Restriction

Back 219

Boston

Front 220

First Large urban park

Back 220

New York City

Front 221

First Playgrounds

Back 221

Boston

Front 222

First Metropolitan Utility Commission

Back 222

Boston

Front 223

First Public Works

Back 223

Chicago

Front 224

Suburban Cemetery

Back 224

Hygia, Kentucky

Front 225

Tenement Housing Law

Back 225

New York City and Brooklyn 1807

Front 226

First State law granting creation of city planning commission

Back 226

Wisconsin. 1909

Front 227

First Planned Suburban Community

Back 227

Riverside, Illinois

Front 228

Grand Coulee Dam

Back 228

Largest concrete structure in the US was built in 1941

Front 229

NEPA

Back 229

1969

Front 230

Clean Air Act

Back 230

1970

Front 231

Clean Water Act

Back 231

1972

Front 232

Coastal Zone Management Act

Back 232

1972

Front 233

Endangered Species Act

Back 233

1973

Front 234

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Back 234

1976

Front 235

CAFE Standards

Back 235

1978

Front 236

CERCLA

Back 236

1980. Superfund.

Front 237

SARA

Back 237

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act 1986

Front 238

Telecommunications Act

Back 238

1996

Front 239

RLUIPA

Back 239

Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act. 2000

Front 240

What concept did Penn Central Transportation Company versus The City of New York (US
Supreme Court) first introduce?

Back 240

TDR

Front 241

What case did Alfred Bettman argue?

Back 241

Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Co.

Front 242

Metromedia versus City of San Diego

Back 242

Was found to violate the first amendment’s freedom of speech

Front 243

First National Park

Back 243

Yellowstone. 1872

Front 244

US versus Gettysburg Electric Railway

Back 244

Historic preservation.

Front 245

Section 701 funds

Back 245

Housing Act of 1954. Funds to be used for comprehensive planning for communities less than 25,000

Front 246

Housing Act of 1959

Back 246

Allowed for funds to be used for comprehensive planning for metro, state and regional levels

Front 247

A-95 Review

Back 247

Federal legislation in 1966 required
federal development grant money to be reviewed by an area wide organization such as councils of government.

Front 248

Which Act created the HOME program?

Back 248

Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act (1990)

Front 249

Gantt chart

Back 249

Allocation of time among various tasks

Front 250

PERT

Back 250

Illustrate how different tasks are related

Front 251

CPM

Back 251

Illustrates how one task must be completed before beginning another

Front 252

Decision Matrix

Back 252

Utilizes a table with alternatives in the rows and various impact factors in columns

Front 253

Variance

Back 253

Range - how far numbers are spread out

Front 254

Standard deviation

Back 254

Square root of variance - dispersion around the mean.

Front 255

Normal distribution

Back 255

68% capture one standard deviation.

97% capture two standard deviations.

99% capture three standard deviations.

Front 256

Step-down method

Back 256

Using the population statistics of a larger geographic area to calculate that of a smaller area.

Front 257

Economic Base or Economic Benefit Analysis.

Back 257

Location quotient calculation. Using the ratio of an industry’s share of local employment divided by its share of the nation (or other higher level of government) to determine if it is exporting or importing. Basic goods are for export and non-basic are for import. It is assumed that the basic goods drive the local economy.

Front 258

Welch versus Swasey**

Back 258

1909. Height regulations in particular, that uphold public safety are a valid exercise of the police power. Boston.

Front 259

Eubank versus City of Richmond*

Back 259

1912. Equal Protection case.

Front 260

Hadacheck versus Sebastian**

Back 260

1915. Early nuisance case and example of regulation of location of land uses. LA bans brickyards.

Front 261

Thomas Cusack versus City of Chicago*

Back 261

1917. Sign regulations upheld.

Front 262

Town of Windsor versus Whitney

Back 262

1920. Subdivision regulations upheld.

Front 263

Pennsylvania Coal versus Mahon

Back 263

1922. SCOTUS finds for the first time that a regulation can create a "regulatory taking."

Front 264

Nectow versus City of Cambridge**

Back 264

1928. An arbitrarily placed zoning line (that was actually drawn in error) is invalidated. With Euclid, establishes concepts of reasonable use and regulations that have to be rationally tied to a valid public purpose - the lower level scrutiny of the rational basis test.

Front 265

Berman versus Parker***

Back 265

1954. Eminent domain.

Front 266

Golden versus Town of Ramapo***

Back 266

1972. The court upheld a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on the availability of public utilities. Case adds timing and sequencing to two existing dimensions of zoning: type and location of land uses.

Front 267

Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee versus Atomic Energy Commission

Back 267

1971. SCOTUS overturns an approval for a nuclear power plant due to failure to follow requirements of NEPA. First case to show the teeth in NEPA

Front 268

Sierra Club versus Morton**

Back 268

1972. SCOTUS issues ruling on standing in environmental cases. Sierra Club lost the case, but won the war, as environmental groups only need to find one member with a personal interest in the threatened area to have standing to sue.

Front 269

Fasano versus County Commissioners of Washington County***

Back 269

1973. Oregon Supreme Court. Holds that zoning must be consistent with comprehensive plans. Also shifts burden of proof to the party seeking a change in zoning, since this is an exercise of judicial authority instead of legislative.

Front 270

Village of Belle Terre versus Boraas***

Back 270

1974. SCOTUS holds that defining family as blood relatives or no more than two unrelated people is constitutional. No deprivation of a fundamental right.

Front 271

Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mount Laurel

Back 271

1975. Court holds that clear economic discrimination exists in Mount Laurel's Zoning Ordinance. Town ordered to provide for low-income housing, as are all New Jersey communities that are growing in population. Violation of equal protection clause.

Front 272

Construction Industry Association of Sonoma County versus City of Petaluma***

Back 272

1975. S District Appeals Ct. Leading CA case upholdingU growth management regs. Petaluma fixed rate of growth at 500 units per year for 5 years.

Front 273

City of Eastlake versus Forest City Enterprises**

Back 273

1976. Referendum case. SCOTUS upholds the Ohio Constitution, which gives the people referendum power over any question municipalities can control by legislation. The people reserved the power unto themselves, so it is not an unlawful delegation of legislative power.

Front 274

Detroit versus American Mini Theatres**

Back 274

1976. SCOTUS upholds Detroit ordinance that requires dispersion of adult uses. Not a violation of 1st Amendment, nor is it a violation based on licensing requirements.

Front 275

Associated Homebuilders of Greater East Bay versus Livermore**

Back 275

1976. Livermore passes a building permit moratorium through referendum. Court upholds it. Case looks favorably on limits on development based on capital improvements, especially when linked to a planning process.

Front 276

Village of Arlington Heights versus Metropolitan Development Corp.***

Back 276

1977. SCOTUS holds that while Arlington's Zoning Ordinance may be unintentionally discriminatory, intent to discriminate based on race, immigration status, or national origin IS unconstitutional.

Front 277

Moore versus City of East Cleveland***

Back 277

1977. SCOTUS holds that ordinance limiting the number of blood relatives that can live together violates due process.

Front 278

Penn Central Transport versus City of New York***

Back 278

1978. SCOTUS holds that denial of permit to build a skyscraper over Grand Central Station is not a taking. Law permits present use and a reasonable return on investments made. Especially since air rights were transferrable. Establishes legality of TDRs. Upholds NYC's Landmarks Preservation Law.

Front 279

Metromedia versus City of San Diego***

Back 279

1981. SCOTUS holds than an ordinance that bans all off-premise signs violates 1st Amendment because it effectively bans non-commercial speech on billboards/off-premise signs.

Front 280

Loretto versus Manhattan Teleprompter ***

Back 280

1982. SCOTUS holds that any physical invasion of property, no matter how small, is a taking. Right to exclude others is one of the most fundamental property rights.

Front 281

Southern Burlington County NAACP versus Township of Mount Laurel (Mount Laurel 2)***

Back 281

1983. Requires fair-share housing.

Front 282

Members of City Council versus Taxpayers for Vincent*

Back 282

1984. SCOTUS upholds LA ordinance that bans signs attached to utility poles. Says that ordinance met all tests under Central Hudson (1980).

Front 283

Hawaii Housing Authority versus Midkiff*

Back 283

1984. SCOTUS upholds Hawaii's use of eminent domain to transfer land from massive landholders to leasees. Holds that eminent domain is coterminous with the police power.

Front 284

City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center**

Back 284

1985. SCOTUS holds that Zoning Ordinance requiring special permit for group homes is discriminatory because similar uses did not require permits.

Front 285

Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank*

Back 285

1985. SCOTUS addresses ripeness of takings claim. Need to exhaust all local remedies first. Get a final decision from local approval body before taking to court.

Front 286

City of Renton v. Playtime Theaters**

Back 286

1986. SCOTUS upholds a Zoning Ordinance that limits adult uses to 5% of land area. Renton used a Seattle study showing negative effects of adult uses. Did not have to show that reasonable alternative locations existed. Zoning Ordinance also passed Central Hudson test. No 1st or 14th amendment violations.

Front 287

Keystone Bituminous Coal v. De Benedictus**

Back 287

1987. SCOTUS dramatically alters the regulatory taking theory in Pennsylvania Coal versus Mahon as it applies to coal subsidence. Court upholds a statute quite similar to the one it overturned in 1922. Difference in how each act defined property - Keystone uses much broader scope for defining property value.

Front 288

1st English Evangelical Lutheran Church versus County of Los Angeles***

Back 288

1987. Moratorium can be a a taking. The temporary loss of use was enough to qualify for damages.

Front 289

Nollan versus California Coastal Commission***

Back 289

1987. SCOTUS requires that any condition imposed (an exaction) must have a rational nexus to a legitimate state interest.

Front 290

Lucas versus South Carolina Coastal Council***

Back 290

1992. SCOTUS holds that a taking categorically occurs when all economically beneficial use of the land is denied - does not even need to consider whether the regulation advances a legitimate state interest.

Front 291

Dolan versus City of Tigard***

Back 291

1994. SCOTUS holds that even if there is a rational nexus between exaction and state interest, it may still be a taking if the regulation is not roughly proportional to the impact of the development. In this case, requiring dedication of flood plain goes far beyond impact of the development.

Front 292

Village of Willowbrook versus Olech*

Back 292

2000. An individual can be a "class of one" when claiming violation of the equal protection clause. Violation occurs when government treats one differently from others similarly situated AND there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment, even if there is no ill will or vindictivenes shown on the part of the government.

Front 293

Palazzolo versus Rhode Island*

Back 293

2001. SCOTUS holds that a takings analysis is not irrelevant simply because new owner acquired property after regulations became effective. Palazzolo claimed inverse condemnation, after being denied permit to fill 18 acres of coastal wetlands.

Front 294

City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books

Back 294

2002. Court upholds LA ban on more than one adult use in the same building because of evidence that shows negative secondary effects of concentrated adult uses.

Front 295

Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council versus Tahoe Regional Planning Association***

Back 295

2002. SCOTUS holds that the "mere enactment" of moratoriums is not a takings. Moratoria imposed during the preparation of a comp plan are not categorical takings. Courts must weigh particular circumstances of each case.

Front 296

Kelo versus New London***

Back 296

2005. SCOTUS upholds a Connecticut takings case where land was taken for private redevelopment as per Berman. Bad political reaction has led to many states limiting eminent domain use to strictly public end uses.

Front 297

Lingle versus Chevron***

Back 297

2005. SCOTUS holds that the "substantially advances" test created by Agins is actually a test for due process, not a takings test.

Front 298

City of Rancho Palos Verdes versus Abrams*

Back 298

2005. SCOTUS determines that monetary damages are not a remedy under the Telecommunications Act of 1996.

Front 299

San Remo Hotel versus City and County of San Francisco**

Back 299

2005. SCOTUS holds that states can adjudicate challenges to land use decisions, and that plaintiffs are not entitled to cases in both federal and state court systems.

Front 300

Rapanos versus United States**

Back 300

2006. SCOTUS holds the Army Corps must show that wetlands have a significant nexus to navigable waters to be within their jurisdiction.