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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does Irwin and Cressey's importation model suggest about the cause of aggression in prisons? (2) (AO1) |
• inmates aren't a blank slate and bring their own social histories and traits with them when entering prison • this influences how they adapt to the prison environment |
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Considering the importation model, how does pre prison gang membership affect behaviour in prison? (1) (AO1) |
• within prison, previous gang members disproportionately engage in acts of prison violence |
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The deprivation model is another explanation for aggression, what does the model suggest the influence of situational factors? (3) (AO1) |
• prisoner aggression is a consequence of stressful and oppressive conditions • such as overcrowding, lack of meaning activity etc • crowding, is assumed to create fear and frustration levels, which then leads to aggression |
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What were the 5 deprivations Sykes developed to outline the deprivation models 'pain of imprisonment? (6) (AO1) |
• loss of liberty • loss of autonomy • loss of security • loss of goods and services • loss of heterosexual relationships
• Inmates cope with pains of imprisonment by violence against staff or prisoners |
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What is Hazing, as a third explanation for institutional aggression? (2) (AO1) |
• Senior members of group inflict physical and/or psychological damage on newer group members as part of an initiation ritual • Hazing is thought to happen due to situation influences, to display male toughness or due to conformity pressure |
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How does Harer and Steffensmeier's study of 58 US prisons support the importation model? (3) (AO2) (IM) |
• found black inmates had higher rates of violent behaviour within prison • while white inmates showed higher drug related misconduct • these results reflect the statistical difference found in US society generally |
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What does DeLisi et al suggest about the importance of pre prison gang membership? (2) (AO2 (IM) |
• inmates with prior street gang membership were no more likely to engage in prison violence compared to others • however, this may be due to gang members tending to be more isolated from general inmate population |
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What did McCorkle et al's results suggest about the significance of situational factors? (2) (AO2) (DM) |
• overcrowding, lack of privacy, and lack of meaningful activity all significantly increased interpersonal violence in prisons • aggression therefore is a direct consequence of situational factors that deprive individuals of normal living standards |
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What evidence did Nijman et al find to argue that the deprivation model does not explain violence in all types of institution? (1) (AO2 (DM) |
• in psychiatric institutions, increasing personal space failed to decrease violent behaviour among patients |
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What did Poole and Regoli find the main indicator of aggression for juvenile offenders was? (2) (AO2) (DM) |
• pre institutional violence was the best indicator • therefore this weakens the significance of situational factors affecting aggression |
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How did Wilson provide support for deprivation model by using real world applications? (1) (IDA) |
• Wilson showed that changes to such deprived environments resulted in a dramatic decrease in violent conduct among inmates of HMP Woodhill |
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How would you explain the gender bias in Hazing? (3) (IDA) (HAZ) |
• Hazing is suggested as a way to show male toughness • however this ignores hazing carried out in females • which Alan suggests is more about psychological hazing |
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What is the problem with defining hazing? (1) (AO2) (HAZ) |
• Hazing could be deemed harmless fun |
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What did Johnston find with prison overcrowdment? (AO2) (DM) |
- Increased aggression as there was more competition for resources and the tendency to adopt violent defensive behaviours |
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What did Kane and Janus et al find that supports the importation model? (AO2) (IM) |
- Long periods of employment, lower levels of education and more serious criminal records correlated positively with a greater likelihood of aggression while imprisoned - Showing the effects of pre existing factors within prison affect levels of aggression |
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How are the models deterministic? (IDA) |
- Both models ignore the role of free will people have and ability of conscious thought in managing their own behaviours |
