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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is aggression evolved in men? (2) (AO1) |
• adapted in men due to sexual jealously from fear of cuckoldry
• the consequence of cuckoldry is that a man may unwittingly invest his resources in offspring that are not his own |
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Why are males more at risk of cuckoldry, and why they need to adapt sexual jealousy? (2) (AO1) |
• men more at risk due to parental uncertainty
• therefore, sexual jealousy and aggression evolved to deter female mates from infidelity, and so minimising the risk of cuckoldry |
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What are mate retention strategies which males evolved for the purpose of keeping a mate? (2) (AO1) |
• direct guarding or violence • can lead to extreme cases of uxoricide (death) |
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How does Shackelford et al find support for sexual jealousy and the use mate retention strategies? (4) (AO2) |
• Shackelford et al surveyed men and women in committed relationships
• men asked about their use of mate retention strategies whilst females asked about their partners retention techniques and their violence towards them
• positive correlation between men who used mate retention strategies and their use of violence • woman's responses confirmed this, as they experienced more violent behaviour |
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What does uxoricide not explain, and how does evolved homocide module theory (Duntly and Buss) explain it? (3) (AO2) |
• uxoricide doesn't explain why more young girls die
• The evolved homocide module theory can explain this, because a partners infidelity carries a double loss for the male • if the female is still of reproductive age, he both loses a partner and another male gains a partner and increases their reproductive success -> therefore prevents others |
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Why is there a gender bias with research into mate retention? (2) (IDA) |
• research focuses on men's mate retention strategies • Archer states women practice mate retention strategies and carry assaults on their partners as often as do men |
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Why is our understanding of the relationship between sexual jealousy and aggression limited, according to Edlund and Sagarin? (1) (AO2) |
• it doesn't tell us if the locus of responsibility influences the amount of jealously experiences and therefore the degree of violence inflicted |
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Why does the understanding of mate detention strategies and it's link with violence have real world applications? (2) (IDA) |
• mate retention tactics act as an early indicator of abuse • therefore awareness of tactics means that family and friends can offer help |
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How did Takahashi et al a find psychological basis for jealousy based aggression? (2) (AO2) |
• Found that neural response to imagined scenes depicting sexual infidelity and emotional jealousy were different between men and women • men had greater activation in amygdala and hypothalamus when presented with scenes depicting sexual infidelity with mate |
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Why might mate retention strategies not be that adaptive? (2) (AO2) |
• social environment is constantly changing
• so having a mind and behaviour that is flexible to these changes would be more adaptive than having a fixed set of behaviours |
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Another explanation is that aggression results in homocide, what is male-male competition? (2) (AO1) |
• a response that occurs when there's a lack of resources or difficulty attracting long term mates |
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How does Daly and Wilson provide an example of men using more violence when lacking in resources? (2) (AO1) |
• analysed homocides in Detroit and found that 43% of male perpetrators were unemployed • 73% were unmarried (lack of relationship |
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How did Daly and Wilson show that homocides were a result of sexual jealousy? (2) (AO1) |
• A summary of 8 studies of same sex killings involving love triangles found 92% were male-male murders and 8% were female-female murders • male sexual jealousy present |
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How does Buss and Shackelford highlight that violence is not universal response? (1) (AO2) |
• individual differences mean that males react differently when faced with same adaptive problem |
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Why have humans evolved a anti-homocide defence? (3) (AO2) |
• a consequence for the evolution of mans tendency to commit murder in certain situations, means humans have evolved anti-homocide defences
• as a result of this, homocide often a very costly strategy
• as a response, selection favours the development of deceptive strategies such as concealment of homicidal intent from victims to avoid activating their homicidal defences |
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What cultures show that evolutionary theories about aggression isn't universally caused by jealousy? (1) (IDA) |
• Yanomamo of South America seem to require male violence to gain status • while in !Kung San Aggression leads to irreparable damage to reputation for the aggressor |
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How are evolutionary theories deemed deterministic? (1) (IDA) |
• humans are not determined by animal instincts and to suggest we have such ancestral traits is deterministic and ignores the role of free will people have and ability for conscious thought unlike animals who are less self aware of their actions |
