Adv Bio Chapter 9 & 12 Test

Front 1

Heredity

Back 1

The transmission of characteristics from parents to offsprings.

Front 2

Difference between characteristic and trait.

Back 2

Characteristic - Category (Ex: Height) - a gene
Trait - Options (tall or short) - the alleles (T or t)

Front 3

Pollination

Back 3

When pollen from from male flow is transferred to a female flower.

Front 4

Anthers

Back 4

Male flower reproductive system

Front 5

Self-Pollination

Back 5

Pollen is transferred from the anther of a flower to the stigma of either the same flower or a flower of the same plant.

Front 6

Cross-pollination

Back 6

Flowers of two separate plants

Front 7

Stigma

Back 7

Female reproductive part.

Front 8

Gene

Back 8

Short segment of DNA that codes for a particle characteristics, that can have different traits

Front 9

p1 Generation

Back 9

Parental generation
P1 x P1 : cross pollinated
Height: (tall) (short)

Front 10

F1

Back 10

Offspring of the P1 generation, he first filial generation.
all were tall
F1 x F1 : self pollinated

Front 11

f2

Back 11

Self pollinated f1, second filial generation.
Ratio: 3:1 Tall:Short

Front 12

Mendal factors know as?

Back 12

Alleles

Front 13

Law of segregation

Back 13

Pairs of alleles separate- Happens in anaphase 2.

Front 14

Dominate

Back 14

Masked, or dominated, the other factor for a specific characteristics

Front 15

Recessive

Back 15

Trait that did not appear.

Front 16

Law of Independent Assortment

Back 16

Alleles for different characteristics align on their own if found on separate chromosomes. Otherwise, they line up together. Happens during metaphase I.

Front 17

Genotype

Back 17

Genotype - The genetic makeup of an organism.

Front 18

Phenotype

Back 18

Phenotype - The appearance of an organism

Front 19

Homozygous

Back 19

Homozygous - When both alleles of pairs are alike.

Front 20

Heterozygous

Back 20

Heterozygous - When the two alleles in the pair are different.

Front 21

Test-cross

Back 21

Test-cross - Taking an individual unknown genotypical and cross it with homozygous recessive.

Front 22

Incomplete

Back 22

Incomplete - When there is a third phenotype in between the extremes.

Front 23

Codominance

Back 23

Codominance - Two dominate alleles, an ‘ to mark the second allele.RR -> RED RR’ -> Both

Front 24

Probability

Back 24

Number of times an event is expected to happen
Number of opportunities for an event to happen.

Front 25

Law of independent assortment only work if the gene

Back 25

is found far apart.

Front 26

Crossing over does not create

Back 26

new genes or delete old ones.

Front 27

Greater map unit =

Back 27

great chance of crossing over or separated.

Front 28

Map Unit is

Back 28

distance on chromosomes.

Front 29

Germ cell mutation doesn't affect

Back 29

the organism but is passed on to offspring.

Front 30

Somatic cell mutation would affect

Back 30

organism not offspring.

Front 31

Mutations are

Back 31

not always negative.

Front 32

Positive mutations

Back 32

increase reproduction success, increases fitness.

Front 33

Negative mutations

Back 33

decrease reproduction success, decrease fitness.

Front 34

Deletion

Back 34

whole hunch of chromosome is lost.

Front 35

Inversion

Back 35

Piece of chromosome comes off flips and goes back in. Reverse order.

Front 36

Translocation

Back 36

One side broke off and other side does not.

Front 37

Nondisjunction

Back 37

Meiosis messes up either the homologous chromosome doesn't separate or sisters does not separate.

Front 38

Gene mutation

Back 38

Segments of DNA messing with the order of nucleotide

Front 39

Point mutation

Back 39

Messing with one nucleotide in the stand. Take it out, put in another, substitute it.

Front 40

Frame shift mutation

Back 40

Include addition, deletion

Front 41

Sickle cell anemia

Back 41

Substitutes adenine for thymine for single DNA codon.

Front 42

Law of independent assortment only work if the gene

Back 42

is found far apart.

Front 43

Crossing over does not create

Back 43

new genes or delete old ones.

Front 44

Greater map unit =

Back 44

great chance of crossing over or separated.

Front 45

Map Unit is

Back 45

distance on chromosomes.

Front 46

Germ cell mutation doesn't affect

Back 46

the organism but is passed on to offspring.

Front 47

Somatic cell mutation would affect

Back 47

organism not offspring.

Front 48

Mutations are

Back 48

not always negative.

Front 49

Positive mutations

Back 49

increase reproduction success, increases fitness.

Front 50

Negative mutations

Back 50

decrease reproduction success, decrease fitness.

Front 51

Deletion

Back 51

whole hunch of chromosome is lost.

Front 52

Inversion

Back 52

Piece of chromosome comes off flips and goes back in. Reverse order.

Front 53

Translocation

Back 53

One side broke off and other side does not.

Front 54

Nondisjunction

Back 54

Meiosis messes up either the homologous chromosome doesn't separate or sisters does not separate.

Front 55

Gene mutation

Back 55

Segments of DNA messing with the order of nucleotide

Front 56

Point mutation

Back 56

Messing with one nucleotide in the stand. Take it out, put in another, substitute it.

Front 57

Frame shift mutation

Back 57

Include addition, deletion

Front 58

Sickle cell anemia

Back 58

Substitutes adenine for thymine for single DNA codon.

Front 59

Pedigree

Back 59

Shows how a trait is inherited over several generations.

Front 60

Individuals who have one copy of a recessive autosomal allele are called?

Back 60

Carriers

Front 61

Diseases or debilitating conditions that have a genetic basis

Back 61

Genetic dissorders

Front 62

Controlled by a single allele of a gene. Ex:

Back 62

Single-Allele traits
Hungtingtons

Front 63

Short section of DNA that is known o have a close association with a particular gene located nearby.

Back 63

Genetic Marker

Front 64

Controlled by three or more alleles of the same gene that code for a single trait. Ex:

Back 64

Multiple-Allele Traits
Blood type

Front 65

A trait that is controlled by two or more genes. Ex:

Back 65

Polygenic trait
Skin color

Front 66

Examination of a persons genetic makeup.

Back 66

Genetic Screening

Front 67

Medical guidance that inform them about problems that could affect their offspring

Back 67

Genetic counseling.

Front 68

Physician removes a small amount of amniotic fluid.

Back 68

Amniocentesis

Front 69

Physician obtains a sample of the chorionic villi.

Back 69

Chorionic villi sampling

Front 70

Genetic disorder in which the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.

Back 70

Phenylketonuria

Front 71

Disorders due to nondisjuntion

Back 71

Klinefelters, Turner's Syndrome, Trisomy 21(Down Syndrome)

Front 72

what does a single Y chrom lead to

Back 72

Death

Front 73

Single trait Disease

Back 73

Huntington disease

Front 74

X linked trait diseases

Back 74

Colorblindness, Hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Front 75

Sex influenced diseases

Back 75

Pattern Baldness