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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gender role |
Set of expectations prescribing how females and makes should act, feel, and think |
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Gender typing |
Process by which children aquire thoughts, behaviors, and feelings culturally appropriate for their gender |
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Gender |
Characteristics of being male or female |
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Sex |
Designates the biological aspects of being male or female |
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Estrogen |
Influence development of female physical sex characteristics and helps regulate menstrual cycle |
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Androgen |
Testosterone promotes development of make genitals and secondary sex characteristics |
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Social role theory |
Gender differences result from contrasting roles of men and women |
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Psychoanalytic theory of gender |
Claims child identifies with same sex parent by 5 or 6 |
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Social cognitive theory of gender |
Gender development results from observation and imitation, use if reward and punishments for gender appropriate behavior |
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Gender schema theory |
Gender typing emerges gradually in gender schemas (cognitive structure) of what is culturally gender appropriate and inappropriate |
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Males show _______ traits |
Instrumental |
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Females show ________ traits |
Expressive |
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What do males have that is larger than females? |
Larger sexually dimorphic nucleus and areas of parietal lobe functioning in visuospatial skills |
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What do females have more of than men? |
Brain activity in emotional expression |
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Are F or M better students? |
Females |
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Men are more physically aggressive, females are... |
Verbally aggressive |
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Which gender shows lower self regulation? |
Males-get aggressive easily |
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Androgyny |
Presence of masculine and feminine characteristics in an individual |
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Gender role- transcendence |
People should be evaluated as persons, not in terms of feminitity or masculinity |
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When do children form ideas about sexes? |
1.5 to 3 years old |
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Rapport talk |
The language of conversation, establishing connections and negotioning relationships |
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Report talk |
Talk that gives information, public speaking is an example |
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Which gender prefers rapport talk? |
Women |
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Which gender prefers report talk? |
Men |
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What, in the brain, is 2x larger in heterosexual males? |
Area of hypothalamus |
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What are some STDs? |
Gonorrhea, syphilis, Chlamydia, genital herpes, HPV, AIDs |
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Which STD causes genital warts? |
HPV |
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How do AIDS start? |
As the STD HIV |
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What percentage of rape victims are males? |
5% |
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What is date/acquaintance rape? |
Coercive sex with an acquaintance or known people |
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What are some risk factors to youth sex? |
Lack of contraceptives, early maturation, lack of self regulation |
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How many U.S. adolescence receive STDS annually? |
3 million |
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Which country has one of the highest rated of teen pregnancy? |
U.s. |
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What are low birth rates linked to in newborns? |
Infant mortality, neurological problems, childhood illness |
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Reciprocal socialization |
Process by which children and adolescence socialize parents, just as parents socialize them |
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What are the 2 variations for developmental construction views? |
Continuity and discontinuity |
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What is continuity view? |
Emphasizes the role of early parent-child relationships |
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What is discontinuity view? |
Changes in relationships over time, different types of relationships |
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Which parent is most likely to be a manager? |
Mom |
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How do older father's act? |
Warmer, communicate better, encourage achievement, demand less, and show less rejection |
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What are the four parenting styles? |
Authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, and indulgent |
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What is authoritarian parenting? |
Restrictive and punitive; no room for discussion. Everything I say goes. |
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What is authoritative parenting? |
Encourages independence, yet regulates control |
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What is neglectful parenting? |
The parent is uninvolved |
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What is indulgent parenting? |
Parents are highly involved, but no controls or demands on them-> creative |
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Adolescents and parents share the same opinion about.. |
Hard work |
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Emotional autonomy |
The capacity to relinquish child-like dependencies on parents (percieve parents a people) |
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What is secure attachment? |
Infants use caregiver as a secure base from which to explore environment |
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Insecure attachment |
Infants either avoid caregiver or show resistance to caregiver |
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What are the three insecure categories of the adult attachment interview (AAI)? |
Dismissing/avoidant, preoccupied/ambivalent, unresolved/disorganized |
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What is dismissive/avoidant? |
Rejection by caregivers results in deemphasizing the importance of attachment |
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What is preoccupied/ambivalent? |
Hypertuned to attachment, maybe due to parents being inconsistently available |
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What is unresolved/disorganized attachment? |
Unusual high level of fear, disoriented |
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What is the old model of parent adolescent conflict and attachment? |
Mature, detach, move into world of autonomy |
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What is the new model of parent-adolescent conflict and attachment? |
Parents are attachment figures, adolescent explores world |
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What are 3 important characteristics of sibling relationship? |
Emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, variation in relationship (irritating,nice,etc) |
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What are Kohlberg's stages? |
Level 1: preconventional reasoning, Level 2: conventional reasoning, Level 3: postconventional reasoning |
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What is preconventional reasoning? |
Lowest level, no internationalization of moral values, you are controlled by rewards and punishments. 2 stages of this |
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What is stage 1 and 2 of Kohlberg's level 1? |
1: heteronomous morality: moral thinking I tied to punishment 2: individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange: individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same |
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What is conventional reasoning? |
Internalization is intermediate, people aside by certain standards, but they are the standards of others, such as parents it laws of society. 3 stages |
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What are the 3 and 4 stages of conventional reasoning? |
3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationship, and interpersonal conformity: individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty 4: social systems morality: understanding social order, law, justice |
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What is Kohlberg's level 3: postconventional reasoning? |
Morality is completely internalized and is not based on others opinion. Personal moral code. Stage 5 and 6 |
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What are stages 5 and 6 of postconventional reasoning? |
5: social contract or utility and individual right: values, rights, and principles 6: universal ethical principles: highest stage, moral standard based on human rights |
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Who is Carol Gilligan |
Argues Kohlberg's theory does not reflect relationships accurately |
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Justice perspective |
Moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual |
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Care perspective |
Views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication and relationships |
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What did kohlberg not cover, according to Gilligan? |
The care perspective |
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Moral reasoning |
Emphasizes ethical issues |
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Social conventional reasoning |
Focuses on thoughts about social convention |
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Moral competence |
The ability to produce moral behaviors |
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Moral performance |
Performing those behaviors in specific situations |
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What is altruism |
Unselfish interest in helping others |
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Forgiveness is an aspect of |
Prosocial behavior |
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Ego ideal? |
The component of the superego that involves standards approved by parents |
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Conscience |
The component of superego that involves behaviors disapproved by parents |
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Erikson's 3 stages of moral development |
Specific moral learninf in childhood, ideological concerns in adolescence, ethical consolidation in adulthood |
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What is moral personality |
Thoughts and behaviors that involved and individuals moral personality |
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Three aspects of moral personality |
Moral identity, moral character, not exemplars |
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Moral identity |
I dividuals with morals when moral notions and commitments are central to ones life |
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Three virtues of moral identity |
Willpower, integrity, moral desire |
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Moral character |
Person has moral goals and that achivving goals invves commitment |
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Moral exemplars |
People who have live exemplary lives |
