Acids And Bases, Fluids And Electrolytes

Front 1

Total Body Water (TBW)

Back 1

The sum of fluids within all body compartments. About 60% of body weight in adults.

Front 2

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Back 2

All fluid within the cells. About 2/3 of TBW.

Front 3

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Back 3

All fluid outside the cells. About 1/3 TBW. Includes interstitial fluids and intravascular fluids.

Front 4

Interstial Fluids

Back 4

Fluid in the space between the cells and outside the blood vessels.

Front 5

Intravascular Fluid

Back 5

Blood plasma

Front 6

Sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium

Back 6

The most prominent electrolytes and solutes in ECF.

Front 7

Phosphates and Magnesium

Back 7

The most prominent electrolytes and solutes in ICF.

Front 8

Starling Forces or net filtration

Back 8

The 4 forces that determine if fluid moves into or out of capillary spaces.

Front 9

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (Blood Pressure)

Back 9

facilitates the outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space.

Front 10

Capillary (plasma) Oncotic Pressure

Back 10

osmotically attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary

Front 11

Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 11

facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial space into the capillary.

Front 12

Interstial Oncotic Pressure

Back 12

osmotically attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space.

Front 13

Aquaporins

Back 13

A family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water.

Front 14

Sodium

Back 14

Maintains ECF osmotic balance

Front 15

Potassium

Back 15

Maintains ICF osmotic balance

Front 16

ADH (vasopressin)

Back 16

primary regulator of water balance in the body

Front 17

Aldosterone

Back 17

regulates sodium concentration in the body

Front 18

Renin

Back 18

stimulates Angiotensin I, which stimulates Angiotensin II, which stimulates ADH and aldosterone who are vasoconstrictors.

Front 19

Natriuretic Peptides

Back 19

Hormones primarily produced by the myocardium. Antagonist to the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Front 20

Chlorine

Back 20

Anion in the ECF that provides electroneutrality, particularly in relation to sodium.

Front 21

Osmoreceptors

Back 21

Cause thirst and signal the posterior pituitary to release ADH. Triggered by increased osmality due to water deficit or sodium excess

Front 22

Baroreceptors

Back 22

Nerve endings that are sensitive to changes in pressure.

Front 23

Hypertonic

Back 23

Imbalances that result in ECF concentrations greater than 0.9% salt solution; causes cells to shrink

Front 24

Hypotonic

Back 24

Imbalances that result in ECF concentrations less than 0.9% salt solution; causes cells to swell

Front 25

Isotonic Alterations

Back 25

Occur when TBW changes are accompanied by proportional changes in the concentrations of electrolytes

Front 26

Isotonic Fluid Loss

Back 26

Symptoms are weight loss, dryness of skin and mucous membranes, decreased urine output, and symptoms of hypovolemia

Front 27

Hypovolemia

Back 27

Symptoms are rapid heart rate, flattened neck veins, and normal or decreased blood pressure

Front 28

Isotonic Fluid Excess

Back 28

Symptoms are decreased hematocrit, decreased, decreased plasma protein, edema, increased blood pressure, distended neck veins, and weight gain

Front 29

135mEq/L - 145mEq/L

Back 29

Normal range for sodium levels

Front 30

Hypernatremia

Back 30

Symptoms are thirst, weight gain, bounding pulse, hypertension, hyperflexia, confusion, coma, convulsions, and cerebral hemorrhage

Front 31

Hyponatremia

Back 31

Symptoms are low hematocrit, cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, depressed reflexes, n/v, weakness, hypotension, tachycardia, weight gain, ascites, and jugular vein distention

Front 32

Hyperkalemia

Back 32

Dysrhythmias,, peaked T waves, absent P wave with widened QRS complex, bradycardia, heart block, cardiac arrest, anxiety, tingling, numbness, n/v/d, colicky pain, oliguria, kidney damage

Front 33

3.5 mEq/L - 5.0 mEq/L

Back 33

Normal ECF concentration levels of potassium

Front 34

Hypokalemia

Back 34

Dysrhythmias, flattened T waves, U waves, peaked P wave, cardiac arrest, weak pulse, lethargy, fatigue, confusion, parasthesias, n/v, decreased bowel sounds, thirst, weakness, bladder dysfunction, respiratory distress

Front 35

Metabolic Acidosis

Back 35

concentrations of non-carbonic acids increase or bicarbonate is lost from extracellular fluid or cannot be regenerated by the kidney

Front 36

metabolic acidosis

Back 36

Symptoms are ha, lethargy, hyperventilation, anorexia, n/v/d, abdominal discomfort, dysrhythmias, diarrhea

Front 37

metabolic alkalosis

Back 37

When excessive loss of metabolic acids occur and bicarbonate increases

Front 38

Metabolic alkalosis

Back 38

Symptoms include weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes, tetany, confusion, convulsions, shallow and slow respirations, and atrial tachycardia

Front 39

Respiratory acidosis

Back 39

When there is alveolar hypoventilation resulting in increased carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 40

Respiratory acidosis

Back 40

Signs and symptoms are ha, blurred vision, breathlessness, restlessness, and apprehension followed by lethargy, disorientation, muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and coma. Respirations are tachy at first and then become depressed. The skin may be warm and flushed.

Front 41

Respiratory alkalosis

Back 41

Occurs when there is respiratory hyperventilation resulting in decreased amounts of carbon dioxide in blood.

Front 42

Respiratory alkalosis

Back 42

Symptoms are dizziness, confusion, tingling of extremities, convulsions, coma, cardopedal spasm, tetany, and cerebral vasoconstriction

Front 43

Calcium

Back 43

Normal lab value 8.8 - 10.5 mg/dl

Front 44

Hypocalcemia

Back 44

Symptoms are intestinal cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, tingling and muscle spasms particularly in hands, feet, and facial muscles

Front 45

Hypercalcemia

Back 45

Symptoms are bone pain, osteoporosis, lethargy, weakness, nausea, anorexia, constipation, impaired renal function, and dysrhythmias

Front 46

Phosphate

Back 46

Normal lab value 2.5-5.0 mg/dl

Front 47

Hypophosphotemia

Back 47

Reduced capacity for O2 transport by red blood cells, leukocyte and platelet dysfunction, deranged nerve and muscle function

Front 48

Hyperphosphotemia

Back 48

Symptoms primarily related to low calcium levels, when prolonged calcification of soft tissues in lungs, kidneys, and joints

Front 49

Magnesium

Back 49

Normal lab values of 1.8 - 3.0 mEq/L

Front 50

Hypomagnesemia

Back 50

Symptoms are behavioral changes, irritability, increased reflexes, cramps, tetany, tachycardia, hypotension

Front 51

Hypermagnesemia

Back 51

Skeletal smooth muscle contraction, weakness, excess nerve function, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory distress, and loss of DTR

Front 52

Normal body pH

Back 52

7.35-7.45

Front 53

Normal range for pCO2

Back 53

35-45mmHg

Front 54

Normal range for pO2

Back 54

80-100mmHg

Front 55

Normal O2 saturation

Back 55

95 - 100%

Front 56

Normal HCO3- levels

Back 56

22-26 mEq/L