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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 criteria for determining psych orders |
1-distress 2-impairment in daily life 3-risk of harm |
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psychosis |
impaired ability to perceive reality to the extent that normal functioning is difficult if not impossible |
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different types of delusions |
paranoid, delusional jealously, grandiose, somatic
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free association |
technique in which patients are encouraged to say whatever thoughts occur to them |
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psychoanalytic theory |
thoughts, feelings and behaviors are a result of conscious and unconscious forces continually interacting in the mind
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3 psych structures of the mind |
Id: immediate gratification, pleasure principle Superego: seat of conscience, morale Ego: mediate between id and superego |
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psychosexual stages |
oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital |
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neurosis |
pattern of thoughts, feelings or behaviors that expresses an unresolved conflict between the ego and id or ego and superego |
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defense mechanisms |
repression, denial, rationalization, projection, reaction formation and sublimination |
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challenges to freud's theory |
-based on subjective interpretations of what patients say and do -not generally testable using scientific methodologies |
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mental processes |
internal operations that underlie cognitive and emotional functions and behaviors |
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mental contents |
specific memories, knowledge, goals and other material that are stored and processed in the mind |
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humanist response |
abraham maslow....didn't agree with Freud on: -mental processes were driven by sex and aggression -humans don't have free will because behavior is in response to unconscious |
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humanistic psychology |
focuses on free will, innate goodness, creativity and the self |
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carl rogers (humanistic) |
-symptoms of distress and mental illness arise when a potential route to personal growth is blocked -client centered therapy |
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behaviorism |
b.f. skinner -focused on understanding directly observable behaviors rather than unobservable mental processes and mental contents |
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ivan pavlov (behaviorism) |
studied salivation in dogs-discovered classical conditioning |
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maladaptive learning |
inadequate learning |
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cognitive contribution |
-studies mental processes and contents starting from the analogy of info processing by a computer |
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aaron beck and albert ellis (cognitive) |
-focused on how peoples irrational thoughts about themselves and the world can contribute to psych disorders |
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social forces |
-affect emergence and maintenance of mental illness |
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attachment style (social) |
ainsworth and bell -secure -resistant/anxious -avoidant -disorganized -those with insecure attachments are more likely to have psych disorders |
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biological explanations |
psych disorders have underlying biological causes |
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diathesis-stress model |
disorder is triggered when person with predisposition for particular disorder has an environmental event that causes stress |
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biopsychosocial |
3 different factors affect psych disorders |
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neuropsychosocial |
-emphasis on brain rather than body -emphasis on feedback loops, no one factor can be understood in isolation
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research treatments for neurological factors |
-drug or placebo effect? -dropouts can equal more than half -attrition: reduction in number of research participants in study |
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research treatments for psych factors |
-act of seeing therapist helps -common factors shared by all psychotherapy
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is therapy better than no treatment |
YES |
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therapy dose-response relationship |
higher dose of therapy is associated with a better response |
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research treatments that target social |
-gender and ethnicity of patient and therapist -culturally sanctioned placebo effects -ethical research on experimental treatments |
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neuropsychosocial approach |
etiology: the factors that lead a person to develop a psych disorder |
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psychopathology |
deficits in how a person thinks, feels and behaves |
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3 types of neurons |
-sensory -motor -interneurons |
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abnormal communications among neurons |
-too many or too few dendrites or receptors -too much or too little neurotransmitter -events of neuron fires may go awry -reuptake: moving leftover neurotransmitters back into sending neuron |
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behavioral genetics |
degree to which the variability of characteristics in a population arises from genetics versus environmental factors |
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passive interaction |
genes affect childs environment and child passively receives those influences |
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evocative interaction |
persons inherited traits encourage other people to behave in particular ways and hence the persons social environment will be affected by their genes |
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active interaction |
each of us actively seek out some environment and avoid others and our genes influence which environments feel most comfortable
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mental processes |
-attention -perception -memory |
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mental contents |
-cognitive distortions-dysfunctional thoughts -all or nothing thinking -overgeneralization |
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emotion |
-inappropriate affect -flat affect -labile affect: changes very rapidly |
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emotional regulation and psych disorders |
-externalizing problems -internalizing problems
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neurological bases of emotion |
-approach emotions: positive emotions, left frontal lobe -withdrawal emotions: negative emotions, right frontal lobe |
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temperament |
aspects that reflect persons typical emotional state and reactivity |
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social factors in psych disorders |
-family matters -family interaction style and relapse -child maltreatment -parental psych disorders -community support -social stressors -culture
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diagnosis |
might indicate that certain types of treatment would be more effective than others
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clinical assessment |
provide info about specific ways in which and the degree to which an individual is impaired |
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why diagnose |
-provide shorthand -group things into unique constellations -info about etiology -indicate individual needs support -find relief |
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diagnostic bias |
systematic error in diagnosis |
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reliable |
systems that consistently produce same results |
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valid |
categories must characterize what they are supposed to be classifying |
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prognosis |
likely course and outcome of a disorder |
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prevalence |
number of people who have a disorder in a given period of time |
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
-categorical: someone either has a disorder or they don't
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comorbidity |
presence of more than one disorder at the same time in a given patient |
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criticisms of DSM |
-subjectivity -categories not continuous dimensions -diff symptoms can equal same disorder -some criteria too restrictive -disorders created to ensure payment -social factors deemphasized -comorbidity is common -unscientific and lacks rigor |
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assessing neurological and biological factors |
-looking for medical problems such as a brain tumor or abnormal hormone levels |
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Computerized axial tomography (CT) |
-builds image of a persons brain, slice by slice |
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
-makes sharp images of brain, which allows more precise diagnoses |
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positron emission tomography (PET) |
-neuroimaging technique that measures blood flow in brain and requires introducing a very small amount of radioactive substance into bloodstream |
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functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
neuroimaging technique that uses MRI to obtain images of brain functioning |
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unstructured interview |
-clinician asks whatever questions he or she deems appropriate -diff clinicians with same patient could arrive at diff conclusions |
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structured interview |
-clinician uses a fixed set of questions -more reliable diagnosis, less valid |
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semistructured interview |
-specific questions and freedom to ask additional questions that are relevant -mental status exam: assesses cognitive, emotional and behavior functioning broadly |
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observation |
-appearance -behavior -emotions -movement -speech -mental processes |
