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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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OCD |
· Obsessions: wishes, impulses, images, ideas,doubts· Compulsions (behaviors): repetitive, rigidbehaviors, even mental exerciseso Doneto relieve anxiety· Person knows that thoughts come from their ownmind (not like schizophrenia)o Mosthave “insight”· Men and women equally likely to have it· One year prevalence 1%· Appears more in people who are divorced· Begins teens/young adult· Co-morbid with depression |
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Causes of OCD |
o Somegenetics (monozygotic twins are more likely to have it than dizygotic twins)§ This may explain why there is not much of agender differenceo Moreactivity in the orbital frontal cortexo Problemsgetting info from orbital frontal to caudate nucleus to thalamus |
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Treatment for OCD |
o Releaseof serotonin with behaviorso Replacewith SSRIs (60%)o Exposureo Responsepreventiono Mindfulnesso Cingulatebundle lesion – very extreme |
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Howard Hughes |
Had OCD Spruce Goose - one of the biggest airplanes in the world, never flew Richest man in the world at one point |
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder |
· They think they are ugly· Suicide· Similar to OCD· Men and women equally likely to have it· Treatment: group therapy and antidepressants· Michael Jackson· 1% general population· 50% major depression· 80% suicidal ideation· 75% unnecessary treatments (surgery)· A disorder of the present· Regulated through serotonin (like OCD)· Universal disorder· “Looks are everything” |
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Excoriation |
Obsessively picks at skin |
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Response prevention |
Make it so they can't do the behaviors |
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Habit reversal training |
Do the opposite of your habit |
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Most common mood disorder? |
Major depressive disorder |
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Depression |
· Symptomso Emotional:miserable, empty, humiliated, no sense of humor, anger, anxiety, crying spells,loss of love for otherso Behavioral:less activity, more time alone, move slowly, no energy, talk slower, less eyecontacto Cognitive:negative views (distorted), guilty (blame themselves), inadequate, helpless,procrastinate, can’t concentrate, ambivalenceo Physical:headaches, dizzy, pain, sleep, eat, tired |
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What causes postpartum depression? |
Change in estrogen levels |
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What causes Seasonal Affective Disorder? |
o Melatonin(hormone of darkness)o Suprachiamaticnucleus |
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Factors that make fewer new neurons |
Stress, sleep deprivation, alcohol |
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Factors that make more neurons |
Prozac, sexual activity (in males), aerobic exercise |
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4 neuronal truths |
Brain makes new neurons Not most will die Learning keeps them alive Must be successful and effortful |
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
Increase activity and elevate mood Examine and invalidate automatic thoughts Identify distorted thinking Alter primary attitudes |
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New helplessness theory is based on what? |
Pessimistic attitude One or more negative life event Hoplessness |
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Behavioral addiction |
3rd generation
Skinner Based on principles of operant conditioning Rank order things you like to do |
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Mindfulness |
Mindfulness training - 8 weeks Bigger: left hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and cerebellum |
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Exercise |
Improves mood, increases neurogenesis, increases size of hippocampus, increases BDNF, increases blood volume |
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What is an SSRI? |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
Developed 1500s 100,000 treated with ECT each year Administered bilateral (both sides of head) and unilateral We do not know if it is effective for depression and mania Makes new neurons (but not in the right direction) |
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Deep brain stimulation |
Stimulates patients' brains electrically Invasive Mayberg et al., 2005 Provides relief to patients with depression |
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Ketamine
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Anesthetic at high dose NMDA receptor antagonist Long-lasting |
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Bipolar characteristics |
Less than 1% of the population No sex difference Onset is sudden First episode is manic Between 20-30 years of age More divorce Alcoholism ~15% suicide 5x more identical than fraternal |
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Another name for Bipolar II? |
Cyclothymania |
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Lithium Carbonate |
Sodium ion transport Lithium substitutes for sodium 1949, John Cade Effective in 80% Toxic Impotence and weight gain Heart and kidney damage Increases neurogenesis |
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Anticonvulsants |
Depakote/valproic acid; anti-seizure; increases GABA |
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Antipsychotic |
Risperidone; Abilify (less dopamine activity) |
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Seroquel |
Newer type of antipsychotic Antagonist = blocks receptors For dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine |
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Suicide |
40,000 a year in US alone Most common in 25-44 years old But increasing most in age 20-24 Most in elderly (>65) ~5-10% schizophrenics 700x in murderers |
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Schneiderman's 4 suicide types |
Death seeker: want to end life Death initiator: hurrying inevitable Death ignorer: afterlife Death darer: toy with idea |
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Why do people commit suicide? |
Genetics SOME overactive HPA axis (more cortisol) SOME bigger adrenal glands |
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Jack Kavorkian |
Assisted suicide |
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Palliative care |
Keep someone comfortable, but don't do anything to keep them alive |
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Dimensions of personality (the big 5) |
Extraversion Conscientiousness Agreeable Emotional stability Openness to experience |
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Paranoid personality disorder |
Suspicious of others Mistrust Ideas of reference Often alone Don't seek help or quit |
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Schizoid personality disorder |
No social skills No relationships Restricted emotions Similar to negative symptoms of schizophrenia Like being alone! Choose to be alone |
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Schizotypalpersonality disorder |
Thinking is bizarre Eccentric behaviors Paranoid Prefer to be alone More severe than schizoid or paranoid Very uncomfortable with social settings No sense of humor Believe in magic, ESP or horoscopes Antipsychotic drugs can help |
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Antisocialpersonality disorder |
Criminal behavior Deceitful and aggressive More males More Caucasians Alcoholics ADD and conduct disorder Gene for testosterone receptor ANS is dampened Genetic Lower IQ |
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Borderlinepersonality disorder |
Unstable! Major shifts in mood Impulsive Self-mutilation Risk of suicide Fear of abandonment >75% women Women get antidepressants Men get antipsychotics History of abuse and neglect DBT |
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Histrionicpersonality disorder |
Excessive emotion "On stage" - like a lot of attention Fads Sexually proactive More women diagnosed Seek treatment |
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Narcissisticpersonality disorder |
Grandiose More self-satisfied than histrionic Often rude Narcissus Hitler >75% men |
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Avoidantpersonality disorder |
Shy! Want to be social but fear rejection (as opposed to schizoid) Sensitive to shame and criticism Similar to social phobia but longer Fear relationships Avoid eye contact Avoid talking |
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Dependentpersonality disorder |
Common Clinging Submissive Opposite of avoidant Equal men and women |
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Obsessive-compulsivepersonality disorder |
Everything has to be right Strict values and moral code Stingy = miserly More men Like OCD but less severe They like the behavior! Can't get rid of things Can't delegate |
