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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Task analysis
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The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process
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Levels system
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A component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up (or down) through a succession of levels contingent on their behavior at the current level. THe performance criteria and sophistication or difficulty of the behavior required at each level are higher than those of preceding levels;as participants advance to higher levels, they gain access to more desirable reinforcers, increased privileges, and greater independence.
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Social validity
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Refers to the extent to which target behaviors are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral behaviors are produced
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Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR)
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A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on fixed-time (FT) or variable-time (VT) schedules completely independent of behavior; often used as an antecedent intervention to reduce problem behavior
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Differential reinforcement
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reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension(s) (i.e., frequency, topography, duration, latency, or magnitude) and placing all other response in the class on extinction
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Reactive effect
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An effect on outcome measures due to the research participants awareness that they are being observed or interviewed; a threat to external and internal validity
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Reinforcer preference
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the reinforcers which the participant prefers?
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Relevance of Behavior Rule
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Holds that only behavior likely to produce reinforcement in the person’s natural environment should be targeted for a change
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Duration
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A measure of the total extent of time in which a behavior occurs
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Event recording
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Measurement procedure for obtaining a tally or count of the number of times a behavior occurs
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Frequency
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A ratio of count per observation time; often expressed as count per standard unit of time (e.g., per minute, per hour, per day) and calculated by dividing the number of responses recorded by the number of standard units of time in which observations were conducted; used interchangeably with rate
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Momentary time sampling
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A measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely the specified time intervals
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Partial interval recording
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A time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals (typically from 5 to 10 seconds). THe observer records whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval. Partial-interval recording is not concerned with how many times the behavior occurred at some point during the interval; tends to overestimate the proportion of the observation period that the behavior actually occurred
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Whole interval recording
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A time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals (typically from 5 to 15 seconds). At the end of each interval, the observer records whether the target behavior occurred through the entire interval; tends to underestimate the proportion of the observation period that many behaviors actually occurred
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Trials to criterion
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A special form of event recording; a measure of the number of responses or practice opportunities needed for a person to achieve a pre established level of accuracy or proficiency
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Behavioral Assessment
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A form of assessment that involves a full range of inquiry methods (observation, interview, testing, and the systematic manipulation of antecedent or consequence variable) to identify probable antecedent and consequent controlling variables. Behavioral assessment is designed to discover resources, assets, significant others, competing contingencies, maintenance and generality factors, and possible reinforcer and/or punishers that surround the potential target behavior
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Target Behavior
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The response class selected for intervention; can be defined either functionally or topographically
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Behavior Checklist
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A checklist that provides descriptions of specific skills (usually in hierarchical order) and the conditions under which each skill should be observed. Some checklists are designed to assess one particular behavior or skill area. Others address multiple behaviors or skill areas. Most use a Likert scale to rate responses
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Anecdotal Observation
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A form of direct, continuous observation in which the observer records a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behavior(s) of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviors as those events occur in the client’s natural environment (also called ABC recording)
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Ecological Assessment
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An assessment protocol that acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behavior. An ecological assessment is a method for obtaining data across multiple settings and persons.
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Reactivity
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Effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behavior being measured. Reactivity is most likely when measurement procedures are obtrusive, especially if the person being observed is aware of the observer’s presence and purpose.
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Habilitation
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A decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus; most often used to describe a reduction of respondent behavior as a function of repeated presentation of the eliciting stimulus over a short span of time; some researchers suggest that the concept also applies to within-session changes in operant behavior
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Behavioral Cusp
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A behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls (compare to pivotal behavior)
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Pivotal Behavior
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A behavior that, when learned, produces corresponding modifications or covarion in other untrained behaviors (compare to behavioral cusp)
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Normalization
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As a philosophy and principle, the belief that people with disabilities should, to the maximum extent possible, be physically and socially integrated into the mainstream of society regardless of the degree or type of disability. As an approach to intervention, the use of progressively more typical settings and procedures “to establish and/or maintain personal behaviors which are as culturally normal as possible”
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Social Validity
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Refers to the extent to which target behaviors are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral behaviors are produced
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Confidentiality
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Describes a situation of trust insofar as any information regarding a person receiving or having received services may not be discussed with or otherwise made available to another person or group, unless that person has provided explicit authorization for release of such information
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Effective Treatment
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must improve the behavior under investigation to a practical degree.
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Unconditioned reflex
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An unlearned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g., food in mouth) that elicits the response (e.g., salivation); a product of the phylogenetic evolution of a given species; all biologically intact members of a species are born with similar repertories of unconditioned reflexes. (See conditioned reflex)
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Stimulus-stimulus pairing
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A procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus
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Reinforcer
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a stimulus change that increases the future frequency of a behavior that immediately precedes it
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Punisher
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A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it
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Positive reinforcement
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Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions
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Positive punishment
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A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decrease the future frequency of the behavior; sometimes called Type I punishment
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Unconditioned reinforcer
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A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulu. Unconditioned reinforcers are the product of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny). Also called primary or unlearned reinforcer).
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Unconditioned stimulus (US)
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The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning
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Motivating operations (MO)
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An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event
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Satiation
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A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior; also refers to a procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer (e.g., presenting a person with copious amounts of a reinforcing stimulus prior to session)
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Stimulus control
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A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus
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Discriminative stimulus (SD)
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A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of response have occurred and not been reinforced; this history of differential reinforcement is the reason an SD increase the momentary frequency of the behavior
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Topography
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The physical form or shape of a behavior
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Respondent extinction
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The repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US); the CS gradually loses it's ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual’s repertoire.
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Three-term contingency
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The basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence.
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Applied Behavior Analysis
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The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement of behavior
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Behavior
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The activity of living organisms; human behavior includes everything that people do. A technical definition: “that portion of an organism’s interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment
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Respondent Behavior
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The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli
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Operant Behavior
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Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of it's consequences; each person’s repertoire of operant behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny)
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Environment
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The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment
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Stimulus
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“an energy change that affects an organism through it's receptor cells”
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Response
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A single instance of occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior. Technical definition: an “action of an organism’s effector. An effector is an organ at the end of an efferent nerve fiber that is specialized for alerting it's environment mechanically, chemically, or in terms of other energy changes
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Antecedent
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an environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest
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Consequence
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A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest. Some consequences, especially those that are immediate and relevant to current motivational state, have significant influence on future behavior; others have little effect
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Stimulus Change
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The presentation or removal of functional discriminative stimuli.
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Habituation
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A decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus; most often used to describe a reduction of respondent behavior as a function of repeated presentation of eliciting stimulus over a short span of time; some researchers suggest that the concept also applies to within-session changes in operant behavior
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Respondent Conditioning
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A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is present with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimuli that elicits the conditioned response (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning)
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Conditioned Stimulus
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the stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) or another CS
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Conditioned Reflex
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A learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g., sound of refrigerator door opening) and the response it elicits (e.g., salivation); each person’s repertoire of conditioned reflexes in the product of his or her history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny)
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Extinction (operant)
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The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior (i.e., responses no longer produce reinforcement); the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior until it reaches a pre reinforced level or ultimately cases to occur
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Description
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the first level of understanding in which systematic observation enhances the understanding of a given phenomenon by enabling scientists to describe it accurately
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Prediction
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The second level of scientific understanding when repeated observations reveal that two events consistently co-vary with each other
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Control
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the highest level of understanding when we are able to apply our predictions and make changes in the variables we are interested in
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Determinism
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The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a willy-nilly, accidental fashion
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Empiricism
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"the objective observation of the phenomena of interest' objective observations are ""independent of the individual prejudices, tastes, and private opinions of the scientist. Results of empirical methods are objective in that they are open to anyone's observation and do not depend on the subjective belief of the individual scientist"
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Experimentation
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the scientific investigation of functional relations in which the factors suspected of having causal status are systematically controlled and manipulated while the effects on the event under study are carefully observed
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Replication
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(a) repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity (b) repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors
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Parsimony
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the practice of ruling out simple, logical explanations, experimentally or conceptually, before considering more complex or abstract explanations
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Philosophic doubt
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an attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned
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Applied
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must be socially significant for participant
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Behavioral
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1)the behavior chosen for study must be the behavior in need of improvement not a similar behavior that serves as a proxy. 2)the behavior must be measurable 3)when changes in behavior are observed during an investigation it is necessary to ask whose behavior has changed; the client or the observer's?
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Analytic
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The experimenter must demonstrate a functional relation between the manipulated events and a reliable change in some measurable dimension of the targeted behavior and must demonstrate control of behavior and non behavior
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Technological
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all operative procedures are identified and described with detail and clarity such that replication is possible
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Conceptually systematic
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procedures for changing behavior and interpretations of how or why those procedures were effective should be described in terms of the relevant principles from which they were derived
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Effective
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Must improve the behavior under investigation to a practical degree
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Generality
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If behavior change lasts over time, appears in environments other than the one in which the intervention was implemented, and or spreads to other behaviors not directly treated by intervention
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Behavioral contrast
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The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increase or decrease the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule
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Generalized conditioned punisher
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A conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for it's effectiveness
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Negative punishment
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A response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus), that decrease the future frequency of similar response under similar conditions; sometimes called Type II punishment
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Overcorrection
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A behavior change tactic based on positive punishment in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is require to engage in effortful behav directly or logically related to fixing the damage caused by the behavior. FOrms of overcorrection are restitutional overcorrection and positive practice overcorrection
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Response blocking
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A procedure in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior to prevent completion of the targeted behavior
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Restitutional overcorrection
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A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the learner is required to repair the damage or return the environment to it's original state and then to engage in additional behavior to bring the environment to a condition vastly better than it was in prior to the misbehavior
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Positive practice overcorrection
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A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on an occurrence of the target behavior, the learner is required to repeated a correct form of the behavior, or a behavior incompatible with the problem behavior, a specified number of times; entails an educative component
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Unconditioned punisher
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A stimulus change that decrease the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned punishers are products of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny), meaning that all members of a species are more or less susceptible to punishment by the presentation of unconditioned punishers
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Stimulus delta (Sdelta)
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A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past
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Transitivity
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A derived (i.e., untrained) stimulus-stimulus relation (e.g., A = C, C = A) that emerges as a product of training two other stimulus-stimulus relations (e.g., A = B, and B = C). FOr example, transitivity would be demonstrated if, after training the two stimulus-stimulus relations show in in 1 and 2 below, the relations shown in 3 emerges without additional instruction or reinforcement: (1) If A (e.g., spoken word bicycle) = B (e.g., the picture of a bicycle) and (2) B (the picture of a bicycle) = C(e.g., the written word bicycle) (3) C (the written word bicycle) = A (the spoken name, bicycle)
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Standard celebration chart
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A multiply-divide chart with six base-10 (or x 10, divided by 10) cycles on the vertical axis that can accommodate response rates as low as 1 per 24 hours (0.000695 per minute) to as high as 1,000 per minute. It enables the standard
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free operant
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Any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space. A free operant can be emitted at nearly any time; it is discrete, it requires minimal time for completion, and it can produce a wide range of response rates. Examples in ABA include (a) the number of words read during a 1-minute counting period, (b) the number of hand slaps per 6 seconds, and (c) the number of letter strokes written in 3 minutes.
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planned activity check (PLACHECK)
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A variation of momentary time sampling in which the observer records whether each person in the group is engaged in the target behavior at specific points in time; provides a measure of “group behavior”
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temporal extent
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Refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time; one of three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived
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temporal locus
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Refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events (i.e., when in time behavior occurs can be measured); often measure in terms of response latency and interresponse time (IRT); one of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived
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interresponse time (IRT)
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A measure of temporal locus; defined as the elapsed time between two successive responses
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observer drift
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An unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error; often entails a shift in the observer’s interpretation of the original definitions of the target behavior subsequent to being trained
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observer reactivity
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Influence on the data reported by an observer that results from the observer's awareness that others are evaluating the data he reports
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total count IOA
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THe simplest indicator of IOA for event recording data; based on comparing the total count recorded by each observer per measurement period; calculated by dividing the smaller of the two observers’ counts by the larger count and multiplying by 100
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trend lines
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a line indicating the general course or tendency of something, e.g., a geographical feature or a set of points on a graph.
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level
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The value on the vertical axis around which a series of behavioral measures converge
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continuous measurement procedures
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measurement conducted in a manner which that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period
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interobserver agreement (IOA)
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The degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events
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trials to criterion
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in last weeks list.
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