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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chapter 1 - Somerset's consolidation |
1547 - Governed largely with members of his own household - for example Sir Thomas Smith was appointed. Reinforced himself by appointing Sir Michael Stanhope as Chief Gentlemen. Lot of resentment within the Privy council towards the Protectorate - Earl of Southampton arrested within weeks. One of the reasons for X. An exhortation to obedience (Book of Homilies 1547) was the fear that people won’t accept Somerset. |
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Somerset and Scotland |
Somerset’s aggressive approach to foreign policy, especially the claim of Suzerainty over Scotland, was bad. He was continuing Henry's agressive policy towards Scotland of 'Rough Wooing' He won at the Battle of Pinkie in 1547 but his policy of then building forts became expensive, when the French joined in 1549, abandoning the 1547 Treaty of Campe, the war went bad. French wanted to reclaim Bolougne Somerset paid for it by debasing the coinage, raising £537k but this raised inflation caused added problems and the threat of invasion by France and Scotland became serious. |
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Religious Policy under Somerset
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Somerset was a late convert and welcomed radicals like Hooper and Becon. Religious policy was somewhat cautious, shown by the Book of Com. Prayer in 1549 by Cranmer. In other ways it was radical, shown by Ridley’s iconoclasm on Ash Wednesday (1547) along with the radicalisation of the 1538 injunctions. (Called ‘a charter for revolution’ by Eamon Duffy). As Haigh argued - “Somerset had blundered into a total ban on images in London, and he had got away with it”. |
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Dissolution of the Chantries |
December 1547 - Dissolved chantries and religious guilds. Logical in the sense that purgatory was abolished but it destroyed organised lay religious activity. Haigh argued that most parishes probably predicted it. Bishops were ordered to draw up inventories and fears were that these assets would be taken meant many were hidden. (One of the reasons for the W. Rebellion). |
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Book of Common Prayer |
1549 - Single form of services - english used not latin. Most of it was just english versions of traditional scripture like the ‘Use of Sarum’. Gardiner argued that it was a catholic version of transubstantiation. It did also omit the Elevation of the Host and MacCulloch observed that it reflected the radicalisation of Cranmer to Zwinglian. |
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Rebellions of 1549 -Western |
J Guy - ‘Closest thing Tudor England saw to a class war’. Gov. found it difficult to cope with. Western - Religious grievances - known as the ‘prayer book rebellion but rebels had little time to experience the book. They wanted a reversal of all reform as their culture had been changed too much. Also lots of distrust between plebeians and landlords. Duffy described it as ‘class antagonism’. |
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-Kett |
Also 1549. Little evidence of conservative religion - more due to ‘a particular sharpness in social conflict’ (Andy Wood) MacCulloch said it was due to hatred of local officials; resentment of abuse by landowners in the fold course system and maladministration of the Howards. They simply wanted government to act on Somerset’s promises made in the Enclosures proclamation. Many blamed Somerset for it. |
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Fall of Somerset |
His arrogant manner created enemies. Lead by Warwick and Southampton. Most of the council, including Cranmer, were on their side but Mary wouldn’t get involved Somerset got Russell and Herbert to send troop but didn’t get them and Somerset forced the king to retreat to Windsor but later surrendered. In October 1549 he was alerted there was a serious threat, released a proclamation for support and withdrew to Windsor Castle - Edward wrote 'Me thinks I am in prison.' A united council published details of his mismanagement and he was arrested on 11th October after surrendering. While Somerset was released in early 1550 he was later executed in 1552 for planning to overthrow Northumberland. |
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Rise of Northumberland (Warwick) |
No attempt to establish a protectorate as it hadn’t worked last time. Warwick was Lord President in Feb1550 but a second coup meant he could exercise unlimited power. This is said to be out of fear rather than a power grab though. He ejected Southampton and Arundel, replacing them with the Marquis of Dorset and the Bishop of Ely. HE also have Sir Russel, John and Herbert earldoms. Sir John Gates, a hard-man, was also appointed Vice Chamberlain and had the dry stamp. Became Duke of Northumberland in 1551 |
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Economic recovery |
Achieved a measure of stability in national finance. Ended the war with Scotland and France, bringing in £133,333 by selling Boulogne (undervalue) (Treaty of Boulogne March 1550) also meant France withdrew from Scotland One final debasement before he abandoned it (many traders refused to use English currency due to debasement) Crown income improved by unscrupulous methods like the melting of church plate. Commission produced a detailed analysis of administration and aimed to streamline it but this only came to fruition under Mary. |
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Northumberland and Religion |
Twofold strategy - continue protestant reformation but plunder some of its wealth. Haigh said he was motivated by financial gain from Churches It was quire radical due to influence by Cranmer, Ridley and Hooper. MacCulloch said it also reflected the increasing influence of Edward VI. Many conservative clergy had been removed by 1551. Duffy said there was a ‘flood-tide of radicalism’ with widespread iconoclasm and policies to remove altars (Replacement of altars with communion tables made lawful in 1550) |
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Revised Book of Common Prayer - 1552 |
Haigh said it ‘broke decisively with the past’ largely due to radical influence and criticisms by foreign reformers like Martyr or Bucer. Some changes were the” Ban on use of ‘popish’ vestments, restriction on use of church music, reform of communion and the removal of remaining ‘conservative’ ceremonies. |
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Impact of Change |
Susan Brigden suggests that roughly 20% of London was protestant by 1547 Macculloch said that ‘already in the 1540s, the old world was losing its enchantment’ but Haigh suggests that this was due to the destructive attitudes of the crown. In 1550, Hooper admitted reform was hampered by uncooperative public opinion. |
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Succession Crisis |
Edward was taken ill in 1553, and it was thought he was dying. Northumberland would be ruined by Mary due to his extreme protestantism and the ‘devise’ was created. Hook said ti was Edward's, not Northy’s, idea though. Edward wanted to exclude both his half-sisters and named Lady Grey his successor (who married Northy’s son). A parliament had to be called before it became legal but Edward died before this could happen - July 1553 |
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Chapter 2 - Mary’s accession |
Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed by popular support was for Mary and she was proclaimed across the country - Northumberland’s forces mutinied. On the 19th July 1553, Mary was proclaimed queen and there were reports of public rejoicing Haigh - ‘religion may now be recognised as one of the elements of Mary’s appeal' |
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Spanish Marriage |
Mary was anxious to get married to ensure a Catholic succession. The main candidates were Courtenay (Which would bring rivalry and he did have courtly skills) and Phillip of Spain (supported by Gardiner). Phillip didn’t really want it, his father did, and the English public were very hostile to it (even a parliamentary delegation attempted to convince her) but it was announced in Jan 1554 and went ahead in July 1554 |
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Spanish marriage synopticity |
Haigh - 'loyalty to the queen was stronger than fear' of the Spanish marriage '3 months after the marriage, Philip's stock was high' Dickens - it was 'intensely unpopular in England' Led to london being 'anti-spanish' |
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Wyatt’s rebellion |
Jan 1554 - Rebellion had been planned to prevent the Spanish marriage. There were to be 4 simultaneous uprisings but it only seriously happened in Kent, lead by Wyatt, with 3000 men. Aim was to prevent spanish marriage or get a protestant ruler - Liz married to Courtenay Some were motivated by religion; xenophobia; and a decline in the cloth industry. Nearly successful, nearly took London and had beaten the Duke of Norfolk. Wyatt surrendered in February Led to more stiffened stance on Protestantism It was significant because it showed protestants couldn’t be ignored and that the Spanish marriage wasn’t seen as good. Also meant Jane Grey was killed and Elizabeth imprisoned. 'real reasons which lay behind the conspiracy were secular and political' - Loades 'Mary's choice of husband' 'sparked' it - Guy |
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Restoration of Catholicism |
Mary believed a minority group of radicals with political support had forced the majority to conform. She believed that all it would take is to move these hard-liners. Protestants were exiled or removed from position (25% of clergymen) - About 800 elite went into exile - led to lack of priests Issues as in April 1557 Pole's legatine commission was removed by Paul IVwho saw him as a heretic. He was anti-spanish and declared a papal war with Spain kleading Mary to be at war with the Pope. Mary refused to accept new legate Peto's authority |
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Treatment of Heretics |
Heresy laws restored in 1554-5 (Loades - passed 'without recorded difficulty' w/ 289 protestants burnt at the stake from Feb 1555, including Cranmer, Hooper and Ridley 60 were burned in London alone. It led to protestant sympathy and martyrdom. Council worried about the effect of it and attempted to ban many from going to burnings (young, gapprentices, servants). Led to Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs' in 1563
Houliston - 'uneasiness, nevertheless, among catholics about the severity' |
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Other religious policies |
Pole's legatine synod (1556-7) made his expectations clear with bishops expected to recide in their dioceses for example. Not always followed! Many non-conformers sill used the 2nd BoCP and kept alive the edwardian church practices- majority conformed outwardly. Tittler - policy 'reacted more directly to the zealotry of a few than to the general dissatisfaction of the many' Bulk of the country remained catholic and it was more time rather than tactic that stopped Mary but the 3 main people, Mary Pole and Philip didnt really get english religion. As Tittler said Pole 'took England as he remembered it, rather than as it was'. |
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Marian reforms |
Financial - Revenue administration started under Northumberland was implemented largely by Walter Mildmay (who was protestant and not trusted) Its financial record was, according to Penry Williams, 'at least adequate’. When Liz came to power, they were £240k in debt compared to £0 when Henry died Naval Reform - Six new ships and completely reorganized the structure |
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Role of the Spanish |
Elizabeth at first relied a lot on Emperor Charles and his ambassador Renard - even before her own councillors. When Phillip arrived in England, he was aware he would serve a simillar purpose and bought outspoken and conservative Spanish clergy with him - at least 3 were radical Dominicans and one, Villagarcia, was appointed to a divinity chair in Oxford while Carranza was Mary's personal confessor John Jewel spoke of Villagarcia and De soto (3rd dom.) work in Oxford - 'one could scarce believe that so much mischief could have been done in such a short time' |
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Pole |
Advocate of Catholic reform and a humanist Didnt arrive in England until 1554 as Charles wanted Phillip established first + Mary wanted enough power to refuse returning church lands Main focus of reform was on poverty and lack of ecclesiastical discipline - took a long-term approach (which failed when he died) Chief link between unis and the government - one of his main successes was education which would come into fruition after death |
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Trade under Mary |
Improvement in relations between merchants and crown Marian book of rates (58) - Increased valuations on imports from 790 to 1170 and it led to an average increase in valuation of 118.8%. Office of Surveyor General of the Customs was established for Sir Englefield to increase efficiency of customs collection Marian regime used a lot of charters of incorporation to deal with poor towns granting 2x more than her predecessirs - they confirmed existing rights or created new ones and allowed towns to act as corporate entities to raise funding. Used up to the eve of the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835. |
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Efficiency of Government |
Pollard said aAppointment to the council was a reward for loyalty and this meant it was too large with faction issues. Tittler disagreed staying its 'working size' was similar to Liz's with the full council rarely meeting Phillip helped set up an inner council of 9 judicious and trustworthy like Gardiner and Paget - rivalry between these two nearly got out of hand - Committee system may have come from Paget - diversifying council prevented Gardiner from controlling it. |
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Parliament |
Took 3 parliament occasions to revert religion to pre-henrician times - - Pope eventually gave in, accepting Emperor Charles' advice. 1st parliament in 53 repealed religious laws under Edward - First statute of repeal 3rd parliament in 54-55 - delayed by what should happen to the monastery lands - reversed Henry;s Act of attainder (which said Pole was a traitor) and put in 2nd statute of repeal Defence of the integrity of the crown was a chief concern and they limited Philip's power - no general opposition with many simply opposing undesirable policies rather than policy as a whole. Tittler - Parliament 'cooperated on most of the crown's policies' |
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Historiography - AF Pollard David Loades WRD Jones |
AF Pollard - mary's reign was 'sterile' in nature (supported by Elton) Mary was 'hysterical' Supports the idea of a mid-tudor crisis David Loades - Only in economics is crisis appropriate 'Simmering discontent' Succession Crisis was Ed not northy Northumberland was a 'crucial figure' WRD Jones - Was a 'mid-tudor crisis' WRD Jones Theory - 8 key elements of the 'crisis' Northumberland was a devious plotter |
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Historiography 2 - Eamon Duffy Dale Hoak Jennifer Loach |
Dale Hoak - Somerset was arrogant and self seeking Northy was "the most able governor in Europe" "Succession Crisis "was Edwards idea" Eamon Duffy - Catholcisism remained strong so religion was a crisis for Edward not Mary "Somerset's religious policies were the most sweeping religious changes England had seen" Northumberland's policies led to a "flood-tide of radicalism. Jennifer Loach - Edward was very much his fathers son Northy was "greedy and ambitious" |
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Mary according to Elton |
'The only good thing mary did was die'
She was: 'arrogant' 'stubborn, suspicious and rather stupid' Mary's catholocism owed nothing to intellectual thinkng and everytrhing to her emotional needs. 'It gave her emotional satisfaction' |
