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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What were Wolsey's aims in Foreign Policy?
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- to serve Henry's wishes
- to place England at the heart of European affairs - to achieve glory and prestige at an affordable cost => peacemaking rather than war - become Pope (selfish aims) |
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What were Henry's aims in Foreign Policy?
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- to achieve glory by military conquest
- to win back land in /conquer France - to secure the Scottish Border - to establish a reliable alliance against France |
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How was FP successful according to Wolsey's aims?
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- predominantly peaceful
- peace through diplomatic means (Treaty of london 1518) rather than through war => better for finance! - he managed to conduct a flexible FP -> reacted quickly and effectively to ally with whichever country suited England best at the time |
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How was FP a failure according to Wolsey's aims?
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- failed to satisfy all of Henry's desires for land and glory through war
- forced into the unpopular policy of raising money through taxation => 1525: Amicable Grant nearly provoked serious rebellion - backed the wrong side -> Charles V 's troops sacked Rome in 1527 |
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How was FP successful according to Henry's aims?
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- did win some territory (two towns), however not much
- Treaty of London was glory by another means and London became the centre of international relations - Field of the Cloth of the Gold (peaceful) |
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How was FP a failure according to Henry's aims?
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- wasn't able to wage war to the extent he wanted 0> limited by poor resource and unreliable allies
- taxes to fund war were unpopular and Amicable grant nearly provoked serious rebellion - his aims were unrealistic => the results of FP would always have been seen as a failure |
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What was the outcome of the FP aim of glory through war?
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+ defeat of James IV in 1513
+ captured two French towns by 1514 (however too expensive to protect them) + 1544: invasion of Scotland and army took Boulogne + 1542: war on Scotland and defeat of James V |
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What was the outcome of the FP aim of winning back land in France?
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+ 1514: two French towns (Therouanne and tournai),
- however given to Maximilian I and sold back + 1544: army took Boulogne |
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What was the outcome of the aim of winning the French crown?
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- no success
- 1523: attack on Paris failed |
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What was the outcome of the aim of marriage alliances with his sisters?
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+ after 1513 Margaret was regent of Scotland
- however her regency was overthrown by the Duke of Albany in 1515 - Mary married secretly after Louis XII's death without Henry's consent |
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What was the outcome of the aim of alliances against France?
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- 1521: treaty of Bruges with Charles V => stopped peace
- often let down by allies! unreliable allies! |
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What was the problem with the unreliability of his allies?
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- Henry didn't know who to trust
- never been given help Henry lost more of his equipment |
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What was the problem of poor resources?
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- Henry had a low income, despite being left a good budget by his father
- England had meagre resources - Dorset's troops were unable to advance as they were without supplies - poor repair of ships returned from war - they couldn't be used again -> difficult to go into war without support from other countries |
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How did Wolsey gain power?
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- he was very intelligent => first degree with 15
- he beacme BURSAR of his college and was ordained as a PRIEST in 1498 - he was noticed by the right! and wo PATRONAGE of important people e.g. Bishop Fox - he became chaplain for the archbishop of Canterbury and Henry VII - 1510: ALMONER in the King's Council - he organised the FRENCH EXPEDITION in 1513 (noticed by Henry VIII) - 1514: bishopric and archbishopric of York - 1515: CHANCELLOR and in charge of LEGAL SYSTEM and CARDINAL after Henry petitioned Pope - 1518: PAPAL LEGATE for life (1524) => two bosses : HENRY + POPE |
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Key reasins why Wolsey gained and maintained power:...
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- manipulated and used the legal system for his own interests e.g. Sir Amias Paulet
- let arrest and execute e.g. Polydore Virgil and Duke of Buckingham - tried to get rid of people who could have influence on Henry e.g. 1526 Eltham Ordinances and 1516 new law of the Star Chamber -his powers over church were hardly limitable (was free in spiritual affairs to do what he wanted) - he claimed the right to nominate whomever he wished to clerical vacancy - he had Henry's trust - good image e.g. established cardinal college |
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What was the Amicable Grant 1525?
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a non-parliamentary tax, which means not legally secured
=> created opposition and nearly provoked serious rebellion => cancelled! |