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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Identify the principle parts of the human brain?
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The cerebrum-responsible for higher functioning
The diencephalon-divided into the thalamus(responsible for processing most sensory inputs, mood and general body movements) subthalamus(controls motor function)epithalamus(function is unclear)and hypothalamus(responsible for many body functions, heart rate, resp rate, temp regulation, sexual development, emotion, thirst, hunger ect.) The cerebellum- responsible for the maintenance of posture, equilibrium, and skilled movements. The brainstem- consists of the midbrain, pons, and the medulla. It houses many of the structures that are critical to the maintenance of higher function. The meninges- covers and protects the brain and spinal column |
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Describe how the brain is protected?
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The brain is protected by the meninges which consists of the Dura Matter (strong fibrous layer), the Arachnoid (named so because the blood vessels in it resemble a spiders web) and the pia matter (a translucent highly vascular layer that adheres directly onto the brain) In the subarachnoid space directly between the arachnoid and the pia matter is a layer of cerebral spinal fluid that cushions the brain.
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Compare the components of the brain stem with regard to structure and function?
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The midbrain controls level of consciousness
The pons controls respiratory rate and depth The medulla oblongata control heart rate and blood pressure |
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Compare the sensory, motor, and association areas of the cerebrum?
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Frontal Lobe – voluntary motor action.
Parietal Lobe – somatic or voluntary sensory and motor functions for the opposite side of the body. Occipital Lobe – processing visual information. Temporal Lobe – speech, long-term memory, hearing, taste, and smell. |
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Describe the anatomical characteristics and functions of the cerebellum?
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The cerebellum is below the cerebrum in the inferior posterior part of the brain. It is responsible for posture equilibrium and the coordination of skilled movements.
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Define a sensation and list the four prerequisites necessary for its transmission?
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Sensation: The operation or function of senses; perception or awareness of stimuli through the senses.
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Distinguish somatic, visceral, referred, and phantom pain?
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Somatic-sharp localized pain, originates in the walls of the body, usually musculoskeletal
Visceral-dull, poorly localized pain, originates in the hollow organs Referred- originates in an area other than where it is felt Phantom-not invoked by any actual stimuli |
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Identify the principle structural features of the autonomic nervous system?
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ANS sends sensory impulses from internal structures through afferent autonomic nerves to the CNS. It does this through two types of neurons: preganglionic (make connections with the ganglia, which relays the impulse to the postganglionic neurons), and postganglionic (terminates and stimulates the effector organs).
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Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system in terms of structure, physiology, and neurotransmitters released?
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Sympathetic – originates in the thoracic and lumbar sections of the spinal cord, which exits the spinal cord through the nerves into the types of ganglia: sympathetic chain ganglia, and collateral glands. The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and BP, releases stored energy throughout the body, diverts blood flow from the skin and organs to the muscles, dilates pupils and bronchioles. The primary chemical messengers are norepinephrine and epinephrine.
Parasympathetic – originates in the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord, which passes through the four cranial nerves and renal system. The parasympathetic nervous system acts the complete opposite of the sympathetic nervous system, so for every action there is a parasympathetic reaction. |
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Describe the various postsynaptic receptors involved in autonomic responses.
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The first synapse is mediated by nicotinic receptors physiologically activated by acetylcholine, and the target synapse is mediated by adrenergic receptors physiologically activated by either noradrenaline (norepinephrine) or adrenaline (epinephrine). An exception is with sweat glands which receive sympathetic innervation but have muscarinic acetylcholine receptors which are normally characteristic of parasympathetic nervous system. Another exception is with certain deep muscle blood vessels, which dilate (rather than constrict) with an increase in sympathetic tone. This is because of the presence of more beta2 receptors(rather than alpha1 which are frequently found on other vessels).
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Identify the parts of the neuron, and give their function?
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Dendrite-receives neurotransmitters from the axon terminal
Nucleus-Receives message from dendrite and send a charge down the axon (fires) Axon-transmits the message (fires) to the axon terminal Axon terminal-Releases neurotransmitters across the synapse Synapse- space between the axon terminal and dendrite or the axon terminal and effector organ that the neurotransmitters are released into. Myelin sheath- wrapped around the axon acts as insulation and speeds the rate of conduction of the charge. |
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Describe the process of nerve impulse transmission?
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Neuron fires sending a charge down the axon, when the signal reaches the axon terminal the axon terminal releases neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters then attach to receptors on the dendrite or effector organ. The dendrite then signals the next neuron to fire. If the receptor of the signal is an effector organ it will then respond according to the neurotransmitter it receives. The dendrite or effector organ will then release neurotransmitter deactivators to reset the cell.
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Explain how the spinal cord is protected?
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The spinal cord is protected by three layers of tissue, called spinal meninges that surround the cord. The dura mater is the outermost layer, and it forms a tough protective coating. Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space, called the epidural space. The epidural space is filled with adipose tissue, and it contains a network of blood vessels. The arachnoid is the middle protective layer. The space between the arachnoid and the underlying pia mater is called the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The pia mater is the innermost protective layer. It is very delicate and it is tightly associated with the surface of the spinal cord.
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Identify the functions of the spinal cord?
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To transmit nerve impulses to and from the brain.
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Describe the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord?
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Central canal
Grey Matter-Composed of neuro cell bodies and carry information up and down the spinal cord. It looks like a butterfly. The dorsal horns carry sensory input and the ventral horns innervate the motor nerve of that segment. White Matter- The grey matter is surrounded by three columns of myelinated ascending and descending pathways. Messages are carried to and from the brain on these tracts. Spinal nerves-Branch of in pairs along the spinal cord and are named for the region of the spine they come from Outside of this is the meninges that protects the spinal cord the same way it protects the brain. |
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Identify the factors to be elicited when evaluating the nervous system, including trauma and non-trauma related problems?
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Neurological patients can be extremely vulnerable, reflexes may not function when the nervous system is depressed.
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Describe spinal cord injury and list the immediate long–range effects?
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Unfortunately there is little we can do for spinal cord injury in the prehospital setting other than stabilize the injury. The effects are varied and can range from short term loss of sensation in a specified area of the body (Pressure from swelling on the nerves in the lower sections) to immediate death (severing of spinal cord in the higher cervical vertebrae). Damage to the spinal cord is usually permanent and life changing and often includes paralysis to the nerves below the injury. The one thing we can treat in the prehospital setting is neurogenic shock which usually happens when the vascular system looses tone due to spinal injury.
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Define the integumentary system?
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Skin the tough outer coating that protects our soft squishy center
-Crucial in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis) -Protects underlying tissue from injury, extremes in temp, and bacterial invaders -forms a watertight seal -our major sensory organ |
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Describe the specific tissue types composing the epidermis, and dermis?
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Epidermis- outer layer is stratum corneum which is a layer of tough, hardened non living cells which is constantly shed through a process called desquamation. And under that are 4 layers of constantly reproducing cells that continually replace the outer layer.
Dermis-Under the epidermis is a tough elastic layer called the dermis. Composed of collagen fibres, elastin fibres, ground substance, and mucopolysaccride gel. |
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Identify the major layers of the epidermis and dermis and describe the function of each layer?
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Outer Epidermis – sheds.
Inner Epidermis – regenerates to give cells to the outer epidermis. Collagen – gives skin resistance to breakage under mechanical stress. Elastin – gives elasticity to the skin. Mucopolysaccaride Gel – gives skin resistance to compression. |
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Identify and compare the structure, distribution, and most common location of sweat and oil glands. Also compare the composition and function of their secretions?
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Sweat glands are in the dermis and open up through pores in the skin. They excrete salt and water. Their main function is in the regulation of body temperature (lowering) so they are more prolific in areas that have a high heat loss.
Oil glands or sebaceous glands are found at the root of hair follicles and secrete oil or sebum and are more prolific where hair is more prolific. |
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Describe the different functions of the skin, and discuss how these functions are accomplished by the various skin components?
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Protect the underlying tissue from injury. Just by being their it protects these tissues from sun, dust, foreign invaders (microorganisms) and extremes in temperature.
Temperature regulation- by vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, sweating and “goosebumps” Watertight Seal- Preventing the loss of fluids Sense Organ- telling when something is sharp, hot, painful it protects us from further injury to ourselves. |
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Explain why a serious burn represents a loss of homeostasis and a threat to life?
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Initial- Loss of fluid from blisters, Damage to underlying tissues, loss of protection to underlying tissues (infection in both partial and full thickness burns) and problems with thermoregulation.
Long term-Difficulty with thermoregulation, Inability to sweat from scarred area, impaired vasoconstriction and vasodilatation in affected area, little or no hair regrowth and loss of sensation in affected area. |
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Discuss the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma?
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Basil Cell Carcinoma- The most common form of skin cancer. Forms in the basil cell layer.
Squamous cell carcinoma- The second most common form of skin cancer and forms in the squamish cells in the epidermis. Can spread easily across the epidermis. Malignant Melanoma-The most dangerous and life threatening form of skin cancer. Forms in the melanocytes and has a very high probability to spread to other parts of the body. |
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Describe the changes that occur in the skin from birth to old age?
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Epidermis begins to thin.
The number of melanocytes decreases – paler skin. Blood vessels in the skin weaken leading to easy bruising and bleeding under the skin. Subcutaneous thins, leaving hallowed cheeks. Sweat glands and sebaceous glands become less active. Skin loses its moisture. Sensitivity decreases. Sensation comes from the nerve endings with mediate the sense of touch, temperature, pressure and pain. |
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What is the neuron?
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Fundamental unit of the nervous system
Transmission of impulses resembles conduction of electricity |
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Label the neuron?
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Label a diagram of the neuron.....
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Label the synapse?
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Label a diagram of the synapse.....
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What does the nervous system consist of?
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-Central nervous system
-Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system |
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What is the central nervous system?
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Protective structures
The brain lies within the cranial vault, protected by the skull. The spinal cord is housed inside and is protected by the “spinal canal” formed by the vertebrae of the spinal column |
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What are the meninges?
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Protective membranes that cover the entire central nervous system.
Three layers of meninges that cushion the brain and spinal cord. -Dura matter – durable outermost layer -Arachnoid membrane – web-like middle layer -Pia mater – innermost layer directly overlying the central nervous system |
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Label a diagram of the meninges?
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Label diagram...........
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What are the main parts of the brain?
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Cerebrum
Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum |
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What are the areas of specialization of the brain?
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Speech
Located in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum Vision Located in the occipital cortex of the cerebrum Personality Located in the frontal lobes of the cerebrum Balance and Coordination Located in the cerebellum Sensory Located in the parietal lobes of the cerebrum |
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Label the anatomy of the brain?
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Label diagram......
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What is the spinal cord and how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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Spinal Cord is the Central nervous system pathway responsible for:
Transmitting sensory input from the body to the brain Conducting motor impulses from the brain to the body muscles and organs. 31 pairs of nerves that originate along the spinal cord from anterior and posterior nerve roots. |
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What is a dermatome?
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Topographical region of the body surface innervated by one nerve root
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What is a myotome?
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Muscle and tissue of the body innervated by a spinal nerve root
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What does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system do?
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Sympathetic (fight/flight) –
Stimulates a cholinergic and adrenergic response. airway dilation vasoconstriction heart rate increase increase force of contraction Pupils dilate |
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What does stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system do?
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Parasympathetic (Feed or breed)
– stimulates a cholinergic response airway constriction vasodilation decrease heart rate decrease force of contraction Pupils constrict |
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What is the Skin?
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The largest organ in the human body.
Makes up 15% of our total body weight. Consists of 2 layers that lie atop the subcutaneous fat. -Dermis -Epidermis |
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Label the major parts of the skin?
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label diagram......
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What are the meninges?
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Protective membranes that cover the entire central nervous system.
Three layers of meninges that cushion the brain and spinal cord. -Dura matter – durable outermost layer -Arachnoid membrane – web-like middle layer -Pia mater – innermost layer directly overlying the central nervous system |
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Label a diagram of the meninges?
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Label diagram...........
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What are the main parts of the brain?
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Cerebrum
Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum |
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What are the areas of specialization of the brain?
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Speech
Located in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum Vision Located in the occipital cortex of the cerebrum Personality Located in the frontal lobes of the cerebrum Balance and Coordination Located in the cerebellum Sensory Located in the parietal lobes of the cerebrum |
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Label the anatomy of the brain?
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Label diagram......
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What is the Skin?
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The largest organ in the human body.
Makes up 15% of our total body weight. Consists of 2 layers that lie atop the subcutaneous fat. -Dermis -Epidermis |
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Label the major parts of the skin?
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label diagram......
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What is taste and how does it work?
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The receptors for taste respond to molecules that are dissolved in fluid.
• Four Basic modalities of taste. Bitter, Sour, Sweet and Salty |
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What is Smell and how does it work?
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Chemoreceptors found within the nasal cavity pick up on the scent molecules and send the message to the brain.
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What is Hearing and how does it work?
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The ear provides the body with
two functions; hearing and positional sense. Semicircular Canals The three rings of the inner ear. They sense the motion of the head and provide positional sense for the body. |
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Label the anatomy of the ear?
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Label diagram......
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What is vision and how does it work?
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The eye is made up of the:
Orbit (eye socket) Vitreous humor Clear watery fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye. It is responsible for giving the eye its spherical shape. Retina Light-and-color – sensing tissue lining the posterior chamber of the eye. |
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What is the brain stem and what does it do?
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The midbrain, pons and medulla form the brain stem.
It is vital for many very basic body functions. All but 2 of the 12 cranial nerves exit from the brain stem. |
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What does the pons do?
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Contains nerve fibres important for sleep and respiration.
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What is the diencephalon?
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Lies between the brain stem and the cerebrum and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus. It is vital in the control of many body functions including heart rate, digestion, sex development, emotion, hunger, thirst, and sleep cycle.
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What is the medula?
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Coordinates the heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing. Responsible for all respiratory movements.
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What does the cerebellum do?
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Coordinates muscle movements of the body.
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What does the cerebrum do?
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Controls higher thought processes. It is divided into right and left hemispheres. Each hemisphere is divided into lobes.
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