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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What was happening in Europe in response to increased Protestantism? |
Counter-reformation |
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Give 2 aspects of Catholic doctrine that were being reasserted in Europe as part of the counter-reformation |
The concept of transubstantiation and the 7 sacrements |
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What was set up in response to criticism of the Church? |
The Council of Trent (1545 - 63) commission of cardinals |
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What reforms did the Council of Trent make in response to criticism of the Church? |
Improved education/training for all priests, banned indulgences, ended bishops' pluralism |
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Which groups were established in Europe as part of the counter-revolution? |
New religious orders whose duty was to be fully devoted to God |
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What were the 3 main religious orders set up as part of the counter reformation and what was significant about each? |
Ursulines (taught girls), Capuchins (cared for the poor) and Jesuits (preachers and missionaries) |
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What was the most negative aspect of the counter-reformation? Why? |
Rooting out heresy as torture and execution were used |
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What was the most famous attack on heresy? |
The Spanish inquisition |
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What was Mary's popularity like at the start of her reign compared to at the end? |
She was widely popular at the start of her reign, but by the end her popularity had greatly declined |
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What was the main aim of Mary's reign? |
To reinstate Catholic doctrines, services and ornaments in the Church |
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What were the 3 main problems for Mary upon her accession? |
Protestantism had attracted many followers, The Protestant Church of England was protected in ststyte law and nobles didn't want to give up monastic land |
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Who, aside from Mary, wanted to give back monastic land? |
Pope Julius and Cardinal Pole |
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Who, aside from Mary, wanted to give back monastic land? |
Pope Julius and Cardinal Pole |
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What did Mary get from the agreement that she came to with Parliament in return for letting them keep land? |
A bill of a full repeal of all anti-papal legislation passed since 1529 |
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Which laws were established during the 3rd parliament? |
Laws of heresy |
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When was the Second Act of Repeal passed? |
January 1555 |
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What were the 3 main outcomes of the Second Act of Repeal? |
English Church revoked to Rome's authority, Pole's aggressive attitude on land issues ruined his reputation (suspicious), Mary forced to acknowledge authority of statute laws |
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What were the 3 main outcomes of the Second Act of Repeal? |
English Church revoked to Rome's authority, Pole's aggressive attitude on land issues ruined his reputation (suspicious), Mary forced to acknowledge authority of statute laws |
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What effect did Mary have on the importance of Parliament? |
Consolidated its greater status and power over religious matters |
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What was bad about Pope Julius III dying? |
He was succeeded by anti-Spanish Paul IV who was hostile towards Philip and regarded Pole as a heretic |
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What did Pope Paul IV's hostility towards Philip (Mary's husband) mean for Mary? |
To all intents and purposes, she was at war with the papacy |
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How did Pope Paul IV treat Pole? |
He dismissed him as Papal Legate in April 1557, decreasing his prestige and power |
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What did Pope Paul IV accuse Pole of? How did Mary respond? |
Heresy. Didn't let him go to Rome to face the charge |
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Who did Pope Paul IV name as Papal Legate after dismissing Pole? |
William Peto |
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Did Mary listen to William Peto? |
No, she trusted Pole and refused to acknowledge the superior position of Peto |
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After reuniting the Church with Rome, what were the 2 threads that government split into? |
Education and persecution |
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What was Mary known as? |
Bloody Mary |
Nickname |
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Where did the nickname 'Bloody Mary' come from? |
The burning of heretics |
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Who wrote about Mary's victims and where? |
John Foxe in 'Acts and Monuments' |
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What has the book 'Acts and Monuments' become more commonly known as? |
Book of Martyrs |
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How did Mary remove protestants from power? |
Arrested/replaced leading protestant churchmen including Cranmer |
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How long did it take Mary after her succession to purge the senior clergy of protestant elements? |
Under a year |
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What came from Mary reviving heresy laws? |
Protestants who refused to renounce their faith were burned at the stake |
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How many heretics did Mary burn in total? |
289 Protestants (237 men, 52 women) |
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How many bishops were killed by Mary? Who were they? |
Three. Archbishop Cranmer and bishops Hooper and Ridley |
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Give a famous person who was killed |
Hugh Latimer, a noted preacher and former bishop of Worcester |
Not a bishop/archbishop (at the time) |
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How many clergymen were killed by Mary (excluding the 4 famous ones)? |
21 |
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How many of the gentry were killed by Mary? |
Eight |
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Who made up the bulk of Mary's victims? |
Men and women of fairly humble status |
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Did the policy of burning heretics help Mary? |
No, it misfired and did nothing for her reputation |
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Who were the first two heretics to be burned? Why were they chosen? |
John Rogers and Rowland Taylor, chosen for their popularity as preachers |
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What was the problem of burning John Rogers and Rowland Taylor? |
Their deaths seem to have elicited widespread public sympathy |
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When and where was Cranmer burned? |
1556 in Oxford |
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What did Cranmer do under Mary against Mary? What happened later? |
He recanted (accepted that supporting Protestantism was an error) but then decided to stand by his religious convictions and was burnt |
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What did Mary think the burnings were necessary for? |
To cleanse the country of Protestant heresy |
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Give 3 ways in which the burnings went against Mary |
There were increasing signs of opposition, the graphic deaths turned many into public heroes and the burnings made people wonder why people would die for Protestantism |
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How did exiled Protestants exploit the burnings? |
They produced propaganda which associated Catholicism with intolerance and an over-powerful government |
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What is evidence that the Council started worrying about the effects of the burnings? |
They tried to ban servants, apprentices and the young in general from attending the burnings |
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What did Pope try to do to improve the Church? |
Ensure the quality of pastoral provision |
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How did bishops improve under Mary (and Pole)? |
Some took their role more seriously and embraced the counter-revolution |
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How did Pole's role as Legate allow him to improve the Church? |
He called a Legatine Synod (council) to outline his expectations to his bishops |
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What were bishops instructed to do by Pole and Mary that helped to improve the Church? |
Remain in their dioceses to overcome criticisms like absenteeism and pluralism |
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What were the 3 main failings whilst trying to improve the Church (Mary and Pole) |
Proposals for a seminary (priest school) to be attached to each cathedral were rejected, regional variation (Catholic/Protestant), delays in enacting policies + short reign |
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How significant was humanism under Mary? |
There was little evidence of humanism, which the Catholic Church seemed to want to consciously disassociate itself from |
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How did Pope Paul IV see Erasmus? |
As a heretic |
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What did Pope Paul IV do with Erasmus' works? |
Placed them on the Catholic Index of Prohibited Books (titles the papacy forbade the Catholics from reading) |
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What was official religious thought in Marian England designed to do? |
Assist the prices of Catholic reform at a parish level |
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What did Pope stress the importance of? |
Papal supremacy |
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What did Protestant exiles begin to do? |
Send numerous publications back to England |
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Were Protestant exiles a united group? |
No |
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Give a way (1) in which Protestant exiles were split |
Somewhere happy thousands 1552 prayer book while others wanted to move in a more radical direction |
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Give a way (2) in which Protestant exiles were split |
Some wished to operate politically within existing structures while others, led by John Knox and Christopher Goodman, wanted a more radical approach involving active resistance to the regime |
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What was the key economic problem for Mary? |
Various converging trends continued to produce inflation |
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What were the 4 main factors that caused inflation? |
Population increase, coinage debasement, bad harvests, sweating sickness |
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How did the in the population cause inflation? |
It put pressure on demand |
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When were the harvest failures and what was the effect of them? |
1555 and 1556. Brought severe food shortages and severe strain on real wages for the poor |
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What was sweating sickness? |
A virulent form of influenza which swept the country in 1557 - 58 |
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How bad was the death toll of the sweating sickness? |
Probably the worst of the century, possibly the worst since the black death |
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What was good about the economy under Mary? |
The crown made several improvements in financial administration which the country largely benefited from in the long term |
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How did Mary improve the Privy Council? |
It's role in managing the daily running of the Privy council became more established and committees were used to dealing with specialised issues |
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How did Mary improve revenue collection? |
It was made more efficient by transferring more responsibility to the Exchequer |
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How did Mary improve income? |
Introduced a new Book of Rates to improve crown income from customs duties |
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When was the Book of Rates introduced? |
May 1558 |
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How did Mary try to solve the problem of debasement? |
Drew up plans to revalue the currency |
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Who helped Mary to improve the administration of Crown finances? |
Duke of Northumberland |
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How had the Duke of Northumberland helped Mary to improve the administration of Crown finances? |
Under Edward he had set up a commission to investigate the shortcomings of the system and to recommend reforms |
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What was a big financial mistake for Mary? |
Reporting the final part of Edward's last subsidy |
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Why was emitting the final part of Edward's last subsidy a mistake for Mary? |
It bought her some cheap popularity but at some financial cost |
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Did the level of royal indebtedness rise under Mary? |
Yes but not dramatically |
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What did Mary do that boosted the long term security of Crown finances? |
Made plans for recoinage (implemented under Elizabeth) |
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What was the effect of Mary's plans for recoinage? |
They boosted the long-term security of the Crown's finances |
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What were the main 2 things that Mary did that Elizabeth benefited from? |
Prepared well. Introduced the Book of Rates |
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How did the Marian government help the people? |
It became more active in areas relating to poor relief |
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Give 3 reasons for the increased focus on poor relief |
Influenza, harvest failures and high taxation for war against France |
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Regarding poor relief, what was there particular emphasis on doing? |
Enforcing laws against grain hoarders |
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What was Mary's first step towards reverting back to Catholicism? |
The First Statute of Repeal Act |
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When was the First Statute of Repeal Act passed? |
October 1553, within 4 months of Mary becoming Queen |
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What were the 4 main terms of the First Statute of Repeal Act? |
Edward's religious laws repealed, order of service at H8's death (1553) restored, all clergy who had married could be deprived if their livings, legal status of the Church of England upheld |
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What was the rule about marriage under the First Statute of Repeal Act? |
Married priests could stay married but couldn't stay in the house provided for them by the Church |
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Give a failure of the First Statute of Repeal Act |
Didn't put the Pope back in charge |
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What was the main problem of passing the First Statute of Repeal Act? |
To rely on Parliament to pass it was to recognise that Parliament-passed statute law was superior to divine law |
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Who was Pole |
Had been appointed Cardinal in 1536 while in exile and papal Legate within a year |
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What was Mary's problem regarding Pole? |
He was in exile and had an Act of Attainder against him. This had to be reversed by parliament before he could come to England and help Mary |
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When was Pole's Act of Attainder reversed? |
November 1554 |
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What did Mary want to happen to former monastic land? |
Wanted it to be returned to the Catholic Church |
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Who, aside from Mary, wanted to give back monastic land? |
Pope Julius and Cardinal Pole |
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How did Pope Julius and Cardinal Pole want to go about recovering monastic land? |
They wanted the English Church to submit to Rome before decisions on who would be given special permissions/dispensation to keep their land |
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On Which attempt did Mary manage to resolve land issues? |
3rd (during 3rd parliament (Nov. 1554 - Jan. 1555) after 2 rejected bills) |
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What did Parliament get from the agreement over land issues and why? |
Parliament resented the idea of foreign (Rome) jurisdiction over English la d so were victorious in securing a guarantee from the crown that lay ownership of former monastic land could continue |
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