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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Who was monarch before Mary? |
Lady Jane Grey |
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When was Mary Jane Grey proclaimed queen? |
1553 |
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Who was there support for soon after the proclamation of Lady Jane Grey as Queen? |
Mary |
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Did Edward's 'Devyse' work? |
No, Mary became queen |
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Who tried to carry out the Devyse after Edward's death? |
Northumberland |
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What did Mary do when she heard about Northumberland and the Devyse? |
Acted quickly, gathering Catholic supporters along with loyal nobles in Norfolk |
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What did nobles do to help Mary against Northumberland? Why? |
Declared Mary as rightful queen because they weren't convinced by Northumberland's challenge |
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When did nobles declare Mary rightful queen? |
19th July 1553 |
Against the Devyse |
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How did Mary's actions against the Devyse show leadership? |
She had acted bravely, promptly and decisively |
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Which types of people supported Mary against Northumberland? |
All elements of society - nobility, gentry and commoners |
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Who did Mary have fighting for her against Northumberland and what was the effect? |
Over 10,000 troops. They outnumbered Northumberland's troops |
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Why, other than Mary's efforts, did the Devyse fail? |
Northumberland's failings |
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Was Northumberland popular? Why? |
No, due to his harshness when suppressing Kett's rebellion |
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Who betrayed Northumberland against the Devyse? |
The navy ships he sent to block Mary pledged allegiance to her |
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Why were many suspicious of Northumberland and the Devyse? |
Lady Jane Grey was married to his son |
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How long was Lady Jane Grey queen for? |
Nine days |
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Why did Lady Jane Grey become queen? |
Edward made her queen in his Devyse to stop his Catholic sister Mary from becoming queen |
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How did the people of London feel about Mary and Jane? |
They were overwhelmingly sympathetic to Mary's claim to the throne and greeted Jane's accession with shock and hostility |
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When was Jane overthrown? |
19th July 1553 |
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How did Mary treat Jane after overthrowing her? |
She put Jane in the Tower rather than executing her |
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Why didn't Many execute Jane? |
She wanted to begin her reign showing clemency, Jane was her cousin and she knew that Jane was young and had been manipulated |
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How did Mary treat Northumberland after overthrowing Jane? |
He had his head cut off on 22nd August 1553 |
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What happened to Jane after her first few months in the Tower? |
She was put on trial for treason |
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When were Jane and her husband Guildford trialled for treason? |
13th November 1553 |
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Why did Mary decide to put Jane and Guildford on trial? |
There was pressure from her advisors to punish those who had been involved in the coup |
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How did Jane and her husband plead to the charge of 'falsely and treacherously' accepting the crown of England? |
Guilty |
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What was the outcome of Mary and Guildford's trial? |
They were found guilty of treason and condemned to death |
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What happened to Jane after her trial? |
She returned to the Tower and, rather than being executed, life in the Tower returned to normal |
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What did Mary allow Jane to do after returning to the Tower? |
Exercise in the Tower grounds |
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Which event brought on Jane's death and what caused it? |
Mary's insistence on marrying Philip caused the Wyatt rebellion |
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What were the 2 most significant reasons for the Wyatt rebellion causing Jane's death? |
The rebels wanted to overthrow Mary. Jane's father was one of the rebels |
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What made Mary decide to kill Jane after Wyatt's rebellion? |
Her advisors insisted on execution |
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What did Mary try to do just before Jane's execution? |
Convert Jane to Catholicism (using her chaplain, John Feckenham) |
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When was Jane executed? |
12th February 1554 |
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What was the main problem with religion in England under Mary? |
There were fundamental divisions over religion |
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Why was it a problem that Mary was Catholic? |
She was ruling a country which had a substantial and influential Protestant minority |
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Why would Mary's upbringing be a problem for her? |
She had not been raised and prepared to rule and had little political instinct |
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Who were Mary's loyal and most trusted supporters? |
Robert Rochester, Edward Waldegrave, Sir Henry Jerningham and Sir Henry Bedingfield |
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What was the problem with Mary's loyal and most trusted supporters? |
They had no serious experience in government |
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What was the negative effect of Mary's loyal supporters having little political experience? |
She would have to rely on those who had served her Protestant half-brother, Edward |
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How many councillors did Mary appoint during her reign? |
50 |
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Did Mary rely on all 50 of the councillors that she appointed? |
No, she just wanted to win their favour |
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Which of her trusted advisors was never a member of the Privy Council? |
Cardinal Pole |
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Who did Mary's new councillors include? |
Bishop Steven Gardiner, churchmen excluded from influence under Edward, conservative councillors who had served Edward |
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Name Mary's 4 leading councillors |
Stephen Gardiner, William Paulet, Cardinal Reginald Pole and Sir William Paget |
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When was Stephen Gardiner alive? |
1495 - 1555 |
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Give one negative of Stephen Gardiner |
He supported the break with Rome |
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Give one positive of Stephen Gardiner |
He retained conservative Catholic views |
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What was Stephen Gardiner's role under Mary? |
He was restored to Bishop of Winchester and appointed Lord Chancellor |
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When was William Paulet alive? |
1483 - 1572 |
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What were William Paulet's titles? |
1st Marquess of Winchester and Lord Treasurer |
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Who was William Paulet? |
One of the key financial administrators of Tudor England (served Edward, Mary and Elizabeth as Lord Treasurer) |
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What did William Paulet do as Lord Treasurer? |
Presided over significant reforms in financial administration |
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When was Cardinal Reginald Pole alive? |
1500 - 1558 |
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Who was Cardinal Reginald Pole? |
Grandson of Edward IV's brother, Duke of Clarence (Yorkists) |
Family |
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What was good for Mary about Pole? |
He went into exile in Italy rather than accede to Henry VIII's religious reforms |
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When was Pole appointed Cardinal? |
1536 |
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When was Pole appointed Archbishop of Canterbury and by who? |
By Mary in 1554 |
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Give a negative for Mary about Cardinal Pole |
His influence beyond England decreased under Pope Paul IV who disliked Pole, regarding him a heretic |
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When was Sir William Paget alive? |
1505 - 1563 |
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What was William Paget's first role in government? |
A diplomat and administrator under H8 |
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What happened to Paget in 1543? |
He became one of H8's two principal secretaries |
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How did Mary feel about her councillors? |
She was never quite at ease with them |
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How did Mary end up feeling about Paget? |
She lost confidence in him |
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Why did Mary lose confidence in Paget? |
He opposed key elements of her religious reform programme |
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What did Mary never forget about Bishop Gardiner? |
That he had not supported her mother, Catherine of Aragon |
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How was Bishop Gardiner good for Mary? |
She saw him as indispensable and his death in 1555 left a gap that was never satisfactorily filled |
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How was Cardinal Pole helpful/not helpful? |
He was supportive on religious issues, but less helpful on secular matters |
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Not fully trusting her councillors, who did Mary rely on the advice of? |
Philip and Simon Renard (the ambassador of Charles V) |
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What was the problem with Mary relying on the advice of Philip and Simon Renard? |
Giving such power and influence to foreigners was not welcomed at the English Court |
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What problem did Mary have with Parliament? |
She often failed to get her own way |
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What problem did Mary have with Parliament regarding religious legislation? |
A substantial minority of 80 MPs opposed the reversal of Edward's religious legislation |
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How many MPs opposed the reversal of Edward's religious legislation? |
80 |
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What problem did Mary have with Parliament regarding property rights? |
Concerns about property rights meant that former monastic lands would not be restored to the Church |
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Why did Parliament reject legislation to return former monastic land to the church? |
Concerns about property rights (often motivated by self-interest) |
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What happened to the 1555 bill? |
It was defeated in Parliament |
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What was the proposal of the 1555 bill? |
That the property of Protestants in exile could be seized by the crown |
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What did Parliament reject in 1554? |
A bill that would have included Philip being protected in a new treason law |
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When did Parliament prevent Philip from being protected in a new treason law? |
1554 |
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What did Parliament stop from happening in 1555 |
Stopped Phillip from being crowned king |
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When did Parliament prevent Philip from being crowned king? |
1555 |
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What did Parliament refuse to do to Elizabeth? |
Exclude her from the succession |
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Why did Mary want to exclude Elizabeth from the succession? |
It was suggested (but not proved) that she had been involved in Wyatt's rebellion in 1554 |
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What was Philip's religious persuasion? |
He was a devout Catholic |
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How did Philip see his marriage to Mary? |
As purely political and designed to enhance Spanish power at the expense of France |
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What position did Simon Renard have? |
He developed close contact with her before her reign and remained a confidant during her reign |
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How big was Simon Renard's influence? |
Probably greater than that of many of Mary's councillors |
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Who was Charles V? |
King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor. Mary's cousin |
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How old was Mary when she took the throne? |
37 |
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With Mary being relatively old, what was she keen to do and why? |
To get married to produce an heir |
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How many English marriage candidates were there? |
One |
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Who was the English marriage candidate? |
Edward Courtenay, the Earl of Devon |
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Who supported a marriage to Edward Courtenay and why? |
Bishop Gardiner because he disagreed with too great a foreign influence |
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What would the problem of marrying Courtenay be? |
It could bring about a new period of factionalism |
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What was the problem with Courtenay? |
He lacked courtly skills |
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Who did Mary want to marry? |
Philip of Spain |
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Who drew up a treaty for Mary and Philip's marriage? |
Mary and Simon Renard |
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What was the problem with Mary and Renard drawing up the marriage treaty? |
This bypassed the Privy Council and ignored Gardiner's warnings of English opposition to the marriage |
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Why were Protestants worried about Mary marrying Philip? |
As a staunch Catholic, they thought he might encourage religious reforms |
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Why were people worried about Philip being Spanish? |
It was feared that England would be used as a tool to further Spanish interests |
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Why were people worried about England and Spain being drawn closer together? |
They thought it might spark a negative reaction from France |
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Give 3 ways in which Mary limited Philip's power in England |
He was only called 'King' (no powers), foreigners couldn't hold public office, no claim to the throne if Mary died first |
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What was the response to Mary's marriage? |
Wyatt's rebellion |
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When was Wyatt's rebellion? |
February 1554 |
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What was the plan for Wyatt's rebellion? |
To overthrow Mary and replace her with Edward Courtenay |
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When did plans to overthrow Mary begin? |
November 1553 |
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What was Edward Courtnay's claim to the throne? |
He was great grandson of Edward IV but also planned to marry princess Elizabeth |
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What was the plan for the uprisings of Wyatt's rebellion? |
There would be simultaneous uprisings in Devon (led by Courtenay), Hertfordshire, Leicestershire and Kent |
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When did the plans for the simultaneous uprisings leak? |
January 1554 |
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What was the effect of the plans for the simultaneous uprisings leaking? |
It forced the rebels into action |
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Did the planned simultaneous uprisings happen? |
No, only Kent developed into a serious uprising with Sir Thomas Wyatt raising a force of 3000 men |
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How many men were in Wyatt's force and where was he fighting? |
3000 men in Kent |
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What were the main motives of Wyatt's rebellion? |
Religion, xenophobia, cloth industry, gentry |
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How was religion a motive for Wyatt's rebellion? |
Many of Wyatt's supporters came from Maidstone, Kent (a protestant stronghold) |
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How was xenophobia a motive for Wyatt's rebellion? |
Philip was Spanish, so xenophobia (fear/dislike of foreigners) certainly motivated many rebels |
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How was the cloth industry a motive for Wyatt's rebellion? |
Decline in the cloth industry may have prompted some to use the rebellion to draw attention to their plight |
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How were the gentry a motive for Wyatt's rebellion? |
The rebellion attracted some gentry who appear to have lost office within the county |
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Where did Wyatt March to? |
London |
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What did Wyatt March to London with the intention to do? |
Dissuade Mary from marrying Philip or replace her with Elizabeth |
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Who did Mary send to deal with Wyatt and the rebels? We're they successful? |
The Duke of Norfolk but he was forced to retreat |
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What did Mary do to defend herself against Wyatt and the rebels? |
Rallied support with a speech at Guildhall in London |
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How was Mary initially successful in stopping the rebels from getting to London? |
The crown's forces held London bridge, stopping the rebels from crossing the river |
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How did the rebels manage to get to London? |
They moved to Kingston upon Thames and crossed there |
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How did Wyatt's rebellion end? |
Wyatt surrendered |
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Why did Wyatt surrender? |
The rebels couldn't breach the city's defences |
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Who was potentially also involved in Wyatt's rebellion? |
Elkzabeth |
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What did Mary do to Elizabeth, believing her to be involved in the rebellion? |
Arrested her and locked her in the tower |
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Who did Mary get to interrogate Elizabeth? Why was this ineffective? |
Gardiner and Paget. Neither of them wanted to find out the whole truth |
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Why didn't Gardiner want to find out the whole truth? |
Because of his links with Courtenay |
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Why didn't Paget want to find out the whole truth? |
He recognised that Elizabeth would one day be queen and didn't want to alienate her |
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What eventually happened to Elizabeth as a result of Wyatt's rebellion? |
Allegations against her couldn't be substantiated and she was released |
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What were Mary's 2 main foreign policy aims? |
To restore England to papal supremacy. To marry Philip, heir to the Spanish throne |
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Did Mary achieve both of her foreign policy aims? |
Yes |
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When did Mary marry Philip? |
July 1554 |
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What happened that was problematic for Mary's foreign policy aims? |
Anti-Spanish Cardinal Carafa was appointed Pope (Paul IV) |
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What did the appointment of anti-spanish Cardinal Carafa to Pope mean for Mary? |
She was torn between loyalty to her Spanish husband and extended family and loyalty to her spiritual leader |
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What was the outcome of Mary's marriage in terms of foreign policy? |
War with France |
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What happened in April 1557? |
The Scarborough raid |
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When was the Scarborough raid? |
April 1557 |
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Who led the Scarborough raid? |
Thomas Stafford, grandson of the executed Duke of Buckingham |
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What was the Scarborough raid? |
Thomas Stafford led French troops on a bizarre landing at Scarborough, giving England an excuse to invade France |
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Who is it considered that Thomas Stafford we set up by and why? |
Paget, as he was keen for war with France |
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What did the nobles think about fighting France? |
Many were keen on the prospect of war |
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How was the start of the war with France compared to the end? |
It started promisingly but went downhill |
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What success did Mary have at the start of the war with France? |
She assisted the Spanish at the siege of St Quentin and dealt easily with a Scottish incursion into England |
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What was the first negative in the war with France? |
Rather than pressing his advantage after the siege of St Quentin, Philip withdrew his forces to the Spanish Netherlands |
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Which disastrous event happened after Philip abandoned Mary? |
England lost Calais to France |
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When did England lose Calais? |
January 1558 |
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Why was Calais significant? |
It had been in English hands for centuries and was the last continental territory held |
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Did Mary try to win Calais back? |
No |
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What happened after losing Calais that was bad? |
A full-scale attack on the port of Brest in the summer of 1558 was a dismal failure |
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When and how were the Hapsburg-Valois wars brought to an end? |
In 1559 after Mary's death in the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis |
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What were the terms of the Cateau-Cambresis? |
Spain maintained domination of the Italian states and France gained peace but on an equal status with Spain |
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What did England gain from the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis? |
Nothing |
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What did Mary reform regarding foreign policy? |
The navy and militia |
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What did Mary reorganize in the navy? |
The administration and finance of the navy |
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How many new ships were built under Mary? |
6 |
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What was the peacetime financial allocation to the navy under Mary? |
£14,000. Elizabeth later reduced this |
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What made the navy reforms particularly effective? |
The highly efficient treasurer to the navy, Benjamin Gonson, was now directly answerable to Lord Treasurer Winchester |
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What did Mary's military reforms do for Elizabeth? |
Laid the basis for the organisation of the navy which was to defeat the Spanish Armada |
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Aside from finance and administration, what else about the military did Mary reform? |
The methods of raising troops, effected through two complementary Acts of Parliament |
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Who was more committed to the marriage? |
Mary |
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How many times did Philip visit Mary once he became king? |
Once |
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What clearly shows Mary's desperation and self-delusion about Philip? |
Two apparently false pregnancies in 1554 and 1557 |
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Why didn't Mary want Elizabeth as her successor? |
She blamed her for the breakdown of the marriage between her mother and H8 and saw her as illegitimate |
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Why couldn't Mary deny Elizabeth succession rights? |
She would need to pass legislation, overturn the 1544 Act or charge Elizabeth with treason |
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Why didn't Mary convict Elizabeth of treason after Wyatt's rebellion? |
She didn't want to without compelling evidence |
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What happened when Mary released Elizabeth from the tower after Wyatt's rebellion? |
After 2 months in the Tower she was kept under house arrest |
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When did Mary formally recognise Elizabeth as her successor? |
6th November 1558 |
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When did Mary die? |
17th November 1558 |
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