2: Hsf A1: Integument

Front 1

What are the four parts of integument? Which two are impermeable?

Back 1

1) Skin
2) Glands
3) Hair
4) Nails

Hair and nails are impermeable.

Front 2

1) What is the largest organ in the body?
2) Skin makes up ___% of weight of the body
3) How big is skin on a flat surface?
4) In 3rd and 4th degree burns, what do you die of?

Back 2

1) Skin
2) 16%
3) 2 square meters
4) Dehydration

Front 3

What are the 5 main functions of skin?

Back 3

1) Barrier - wear and tear, UV protection, infection protection
2) Homeostatic function - hydration, heat regulation
3) Excretory - sebaceous and sweat glands
4) Secretory function - vitamin D
5) Sensory

Front 4

What are the two main layers of the skin?

Back 4

1) Epidermis
2) Dermis - papillary layer and reticular layer

Front 5

Epidermis:

1) What is the tissue type?
2) What are the cells in the epidermis?

Dermis:

1) What are the two layers, types of tissues, and their cells?


What is the hypodermis made of? What are its cells?

Back 5

1) Stratified squamous epithelium
2) Kids May Like Milk - keratinocytes (make keratin), melanocytes (make melanin), langerhans (dendritic), merkel (pressure, vibration)

1) Papillary layer - loose connective tissue - Cookies, Eggs, Fries (Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, fibroblasts)

2) Reticular layer - dense irregular C.T. (reticular fibers) - Hamburgers Smoothies Great Noms Burgers - (hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, nerves, blood vessels)

Loose CT, adipose tissue -> cells = adipocytes

Front 6

Since epidermis is an epithelium, what implication does this have?

Back 6

It has a basement membrane and is not vascularized so it has to get nutrients from blood vessels from below. If the BM gets too thick, it dies.

Front 7

1) Why does hypodermis appear white in histological slides?

2 Is hypodermis technically part of the skin?

Back 7

1) Because it's full of fat, when it's fixed the fat washes away.

2) Technically NOT part of the skin - it's underlying superficial fascia

Front 8

1) What are the five layers of the epidermis?

2) Which will you see in histological sections? Which will you not usually see? Which one sits on the basement membrane?

3) Why is the stratum basale important? What kind of cells make up most of the basale?

Back 8

1) Corny Layers Get Some Boys

Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

2) Will always see corneum - very thick. Lucidum will not always see. Basale sits on basement membrane.

3) Makes the basement membrane, and it possesses regenerative cells that undergo mitosis and regenerate the skin cells. Keratinocytes, Merkel, Melanocytes

Front 9

Why is the corneum spinosum named so?

Back 9

Desmosomes connecting the cells look like spines on the histological slide

Front 10

1) Why is thick skin thick?

2) Give an example of some places that have a thin stratum corneum

Back 10

1) In part because of a thick stratum corneum

2) Lips, genitalia, abdominal surface

Front 11

Describe the process of keratinization, starting at the stratum basale.

Back 11

1) Basale - synthesis of tonofilaments (IF)

2) Lower stratum spinosum - tonofilaments merge into tonofibrils (bundles

3) Upper stratum spinosum - cells produce keratohyalin granules

4) Stratum granulosum - keratohyalin granules substance + tonofibrils = tonofibrils => keratin

5) Stratum corneum - keratinization, conversion of granular cells to cornified cells in 2-6 days as the nucleus is lost

Front 12

What is the staining of stratum granulosum in keratinization due to?

Back 12

Tonofibrils are combining with keratohyalin granules and are big enough to be stained - this is NOT because it's pigmented

Front 13

Do lotions really penetrate the skin to keep things in?

Back 13

No - because if they were that porous, we'd lose all our water and dehydrate and die.

Front 14

Describe waterproofing of the skin, starting from the stratum basale.

Back 14

1) Keratinocytes produce lamellar bodies (membrane coating granules) that produce glycophospholipid

2) In stratum g, lipid contents of lamellar bodies extruded into intercellular spaces

3) Lipids make hydrophobic barrier on top

Front 15

1) What produces our skin color?
2) What layer is it found in?
3) Because of the speed at which they're produced, where are melanosomes sometimes seen and stored?
4) What does a melanocyte look like histologically?
5) Is a melanocyte necessarily colored on a histological slide?

Back 15

1) Melanocytes
2) Stratum basale
3) Keratinocytes, not the melanocyte
4) Cell with nucleus, clear cytoplasm
5) No - a really active one extrudes melanosomes as soon as they're made. It is more likely to be clear. Keratinocytes with melanosomes in them are more likely to be colored.

Front 16

1) What are the two forms of pigment produced by melanocytes?
2) What do yellowish hues come from?
3) Different body regions have different colors based on what three things?
4) What determines skin color?
5) What is it called if you have no skin color? What if you lose color in patches?

Back 16

1) Melanin (brown/black), phaeomelanin (reddish)

2) Carotenes in keratinocytes

3) Density of melanocytes, density of vascularization, proximity of blood vessel to surface

4) Amount of melanin produced by melanocytes, not number of melanocytes

5) Albino, vitelligo

Front 17

Compare keratohyalin granules, lamellar bodies, and melanin bodies when it comes to:

1) Membranes/non-membrane bound
2) What is contains
3) What its function is
4) Where they're found

Back 17

Keratohyalin granules - not membrane bound, keratin filaments, toughen skin. Stratum basale

Lamellar bodies - membrane bound, has phospholipid, waterproofs the skin. Higher up.

Melanin bodies - membrane bound, for skin coloration. Epidermal cells, divide quickly in response to UV

Front 18

Once you cut your skin, what sends out info?

Back 18

Langerhans cells send info across the basement membrane to alert other immune components

Front 19

Langerhans cells:

1) Where are they located?
2) What are they?
3) What disease primarily targets them?

Back 19

1) Stratum spinosum of epidermis, and in all mucous membranes
2) APC, activate the T-cell circuit
3) HIV infection

Front 20

What are Merkel cells and where are they primarily found?

Back 20

Free nerve endings, fine touch receptors. Stratum basale of epidermis.

Front 21

Papillary dermis:

1) What kind of tissue is it primarily composed of?

2) How does it interact with the epidermis?

3) What kind of vessels does it contain?

Back 21

1) Loose connective tissue
2) Invaginations of dermal papillae interpose with evaginations of epidermal pegs, helps anchor the epidermis to dermis

3) Blood vessels, lymphatics, sensory receptors, collagen/elastic fibers, fibroblasts

Front 22

1) What is the deepest layer of skin?
2) What kind of tissue is this made of?
3) What kind of fibers does it contain?
4) What's found in it?
5) Is this thicker than the papillary dermis?

Back 22

1) Reticular layer of dermis
2) Dense irregular CT
3) Type I collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
4) Sweat glands/ducts/hair follicles/arrector pili muscles/sebaceous glands and sensory receptors

Front 23

1) What are the 4 ways the skin keeps the body warm?

2) What are the 2 ways the skin keeps the body cool?

Back 23

1) Epidermis, adipose tissue in hypodermis, vasoconstriction of blood vessels, hair

2) Vasodilation, sweat from coiled tubular sweat glands

Front 24

Sweat glands:

1) Why do they look dark?
2) What shape are they?

Back 24

1) There are a lot of ducts, and sweat is primarily a proteinaceous product.
2) Secretory cells - low cuboidal/columnar. Ducts - stratified cuboidal epithelium

Front 25

Eccrine sweat glands:

1) Where are they found?
2) What process do they play a role in?
3) What kind of fashion do they secrete in?
4) What stimulates them?

Back 25

1) Throughout most of the body - dermis and hypodermis
2) Thermoregulation
3) Merocrine (exocytosis into lumen)
4) Sympathetic nervous system

Front 26

Apocrine sweat glands:

1) Where are they found?
2) What do they open into?
3) Do the products have odor?
4) They are vestigial what?

Back 26

1) Axilla (armpit), areola, anus, modified version in EAC and eyelids
2) Canals of hair follicles superficial to sebaceous glands
3) No, but bacteria acting upon them produces odor
4) Scent glands

Front 27

Sebaceous glands:

1) What do they look like histologically?
2) What do they feed into?
3) Where are they found?
4) What do they secrete and what is the function of this product?
5) What are these glands influenced by and when does their output increase?

Back 27

1) Clear - they produce lipid product. Have multiple nuclei - can't see anything in cytoplasm because they're lipid filled.
2) Hair follicles
3) All through body except palms of hands and soles of feet
4) Sebum - mix of cholesterol, triglyceride, cell debris that maintains skin texture and hair flexibility
5) Sex hormones, output increases after puberty

Front 28

What do the following detect:

1) Merkel
2) Meissner's corpuscle
3) Pacinian corpuscle
4) Is Meissner's corpuscle normally found in dermal papilla? What about the Pacinian corpuscle?
5) What other gland does a Pacinian corpuscle look like?

Back 28

1) free nerve ending, touch
2) touch + pressure
3) pressure only
4) Meissner's normally found in dermal papilla. Pacinian primarily in hypodermis, but can also be found in dermis.
5) Thymus

Front 29

1) Where do find DNA on hair?
2) What structure is associated with hair and is it voluntarily or involuntarily controlled?

Back 29

1) At the root. Most of the hair is collagen, which has no DNA associated with it.

2) Arrector pili, involuntarily controlled.

Front 30

Why does chemotherapy stop hair from growing?

Back 30

It stops division of cells that divide the quickest - some of these are at the root cells of hair follicles, so if you lose these root cells you'll temporarily lose your hair.