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Front 1

In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969), a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle. What percentage of participants who were alone offered help

Back 1

70

Front 2

__ are more likely to favor conservative political candidates

Back 2

men

Front 3

__ in discussion produces more attitude change than does __

Back 3

Active participation; passive listening

Front 4

__ is defined as aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself and can also be referred to as affective aggression

Back 4

hostile aggression

Front 5

__ is defined as having qualities that appeal to an audience

Back 5

attractiveness

Front 6

__ is defined as physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm

Back 6

aggression

Front 7

__ is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes or behaviors

Back 7

persuasion

Front 8

__ more than __ are more likely to be politically conservative and to favour group inequality

Back 8

Men; women

Front 9

__ occurs when groups of individuals who don't fit their stereotype are thought of as a special category

Back 9

Subtyping

Front 10

__ of those who do pray with their spouse report their marriage as "very happy."

Back 10

Most

Front 11

__ refers to the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable

Back 11

social loafing

Front 12

__ sometimes follows compliance

Back 12

Acceptance

Front 13

“Psychological reactance” refers to the human tendency to

Back 13

Resent the loss of freedoms

Front 14

3 factors breed obedience

Back 14

distance to the victim 2. closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure 3. institutional authority

Front 15

A __ is a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Back 15

social trap.

Front 16

A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group is called __

Back 16

ethnocentrism

Front 17

A cardinal rule in sales is to avoid questions that

Back 17

May result in the answer “No.”

Front 18

A change in behavior or belief to accord with others is called

Back 18

Conformity

Front 19

A classmate across the room yawns and then several other students yawn, this is an example of

Back 19

informational influence. B. psychological reactance. C. group cohesion. D. social contagion.

Front 20

A communicator is said to be_when he or she is perceived as both an expert and trustworthy

Back 20

credible

Front 21

A concern for __ produces normative influence, while a concern for __ produces informational influence

Back 21

social image; being correct. B. being correct; social image C. being correct; gaining status D. social roles; authority figures

Front 22

A fad such as tattoos are an example of

Back 22

norm formation. B. conformity. C. obedience. D. reactance.

Front 23

a group is more effective at inducing conformity it:

Back 23

It consists of experts -the members are of high social status -the members are similar to the individual

Front 24

A group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of a common identity is a

Back 24

ingroup.

Front 25

A lone black female lawyer in a group of black and white male lawyers will be most conscious of being

Back 25

black. B. female. C. a lawyer. D. in a group.

Front 26

A person who is both __ would be considered androgynous

Back 26

assertive and nurturing

Front 27

A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that

Back 27

none had been harmed.

Front 28

A salesperson begins with a large request he expects will rejected. Looking forlorn, he follows this with a smaller request which, unknown to the customer, was his target all along. This technique is known as:

Back 28

Door-in-the-face

Front 29

A set of behavior expectations for males and females is a

Back 29

gender role.

Front 30

A social role is

Back 30

a cluster of norms. B. separate from culture. C. a weak influence on conformity. D. a role that feels awkward.

Front 31

A study conducted by Snyder and Fromkin (1980) revealed that people feel better when they see themselves as

Back 31

very unique. B. moderately unique. C. not at all unique. D. collectivistic.

Front 32

A very strong cultural norm dictates that males should be taller than their female mates. This height norm is cited in your text as evidence that

Back 32

biology and culture interact to develop gender-role norms

Front 33

A win-win agreement that reconciles both parties' interests to their mutual benefit is known as

Back 33

an integrative agreement.

Front 34

A year after his original study, Sherif's participants were retested alone and gave answers that supported the original group's norm. This suggests that the process involved was really

Back 34

reactance. B. compliance. C. obedience. D. acceptance.

Front 35

Abelson and his colleagues (1982) found that voting preferences in the United States could be reasonably predicted from voters'

Back 35

emotional reactions to the candidates.

Front 36

acceptance

Back 36

conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure

Front 37

According to Albert Bandura, an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is

Back 37

observations of others' behavior.

Front 38

According to Bem, the most ‘masculine’ traits include:

Back 38

independence

Front 39

According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when it loses its

Back 39

agenda. B. anonymity. C. unanimity. D. heterogeneity.

Front 40

According to Eagly and Wood, as men’s and women’s social roles become similar, their psychological differences:

Back 40

lessen

Front 41

According to Elliot Aronson, "as a relationship ripens toward greater intimacy, what becomes increasingly important is

Back 41

authenticity."

Front 42

According to evolutionary psychology, men are attracted to women whose physical features indicate:

Back 42

fertility

Front 43

According to Festinger (1954), it is human nature to want to evaluate our opinions by

Back 43

comparing ourselves with others.

Front 44

According to Myers, advertisers for beverages and clothing tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the __ route to persuasion

Back 44

Peripheral

Front 45

According to Myers, American and British leaders in 2003 justified attacking Iraq not as a hostile effort to kill Iraqis, but as an instrumental act of liberation and of self-defense against presumed weapons of mass destruction. Social psychologists would consider this an example of __ aggression

Back 45

instrumental

Front 46

According to Myers, an unchallenged assumption in individualistic Western nations is that __ is good and __ is bad

Back 46

uniqueness; similarity B. similarity; uniqueness C. individualism; conformity D. conformity; individualism

Front 47

According to social constructionists, the use of gender as an analytic category is questionable because:

Back 47

gender is culturally constructed

Front 48

According to the __ hypothesis, people are attracted to those whose needs are different in ways that complete each other

Back 48

complementarity

Front 49

According to The Power of Persuasion:

Back 49

Most people believe others are more likely to be stricken by diseases than they are themselves

Front 50

According to the text, __ provides the classic illustration of pure altruism

Back 50

the parable of the Good Samaritan

Front 51

According to the text, Asch's experiments lacked __ but did possess __

Back 51

experimental realism; mundane realism B. mundane realism; experimental realism C. validity; reliability D. reliability; validity

Front 52

According to the text, gender difference does not exist in

Back 52

vocabulary.

Front 53

According to the text, individuals who identify as __ in terms of spiritual commitment were most likely to report working among the poor, infirm, or elderly

Back 53

highly committed

Front 54

According to the text, men talk

Back 54

more to give information.

Front 55

According to the text, norms are

Back 55

prescriptions for proper behavior.

Front 56

According to the text, people in a hurry may be less willing to help because

Back 56

they never fully grasp the situation as one requiring their assistance.

Front 57

According to the text, personality predicts behavior when social influences are

Back 57

obvious. B. covert. C. strong. D. weak.

Front 58

According to the text, the factor that determines if we call attempts at persuasion "education" or "propaganda" is whether or not

Back 58

we believe them or not

Front 59

According to the text, the first step in scientifically studying romantic love is to

Back 59

define and measure it.

Front 60

According to the text, the notion of egoism has fallen into disrepute because

Back 60

it is vulnerable to the criticism of circular explanation.

Front 61

According to your text, the relationship between intelligence and television viewing is __

Back 61

negative

Front 62

Across the globe, men are how many times more likely to murder men than women murder women

Back 62

20

Front 63

Acting in accord with a direct order is called

Back 63

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 64

Advances in intimacy are usually suggested by

Back 64

the higher-status person.

Front 65

After arguing with her boyfriend Peter over the telephone, Roberta smashes down the receiver and then throws the phone across the room. This behavior most clearly demonstrates

Back 65

displacement.

Front 66

After hearing a great deal about the benefits of soy products from your friends, you decide to drink soy milk instead of cow's milk. Your behavior is an example of

Back 66

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 67

After hearing so much about the dangers of smoking cigarettes from the media and seeing numbers of people quit the habit, Jacob finally realizes that smoking is dangerous and therefore he quits. His behavior is an example of

Back 67

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 68

After Marilyn Monroe's suicide, there were 200 more suicides in the United States than was typical. This was due to the suspected effects of:

Back 68

suggestibility

Front 69

After President Bush announced his position regarding a possible war with Iraq, he was unlikely to change his mind. This most likely reflects the

Back 69

we-they polarity between the political parties. B. fact that public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence. C. fact that the high status of the office elicits a need for uniqueness. D. fact that higher-status people are more susceptible to psychological reactance.

Front 70

Ahmed generally likes to go home to visit his family during vacation. However, after his father tells him that he must be home during spring vacation, Ahmed decides to remain at college. Ahmed's behavior is best understood in terms of

Back 70

reaction formation. B. regression. C. psychological reactance. D. self-serving bias.

Front 71

Although he made a promise to himself to not take illegal drugs, Tom gave into peer pressure at a party to smoke marijuana because he did not want to be rejected by the others. Tom's conformity is a result of

Back 71

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 72

Although most suspects in cases of incest, child molestation, and sexual abuse are heterosexual males, the local newspaper omits the word "heterosexual" in any related headline. In contrast, whenever a self-described gay male is arrested for a crime, the headline proclaims "homosexual arrested" in the case. The resulting prejudice that gay males are more likely to commit violent crimes can in part be blamed on

Back 72

illusory correlation.

Front 73

Although you did not like it when you first saw it alone, you go to the same movie with a friend for a second time. After she raves about it, you decide that it wasn't so bad after all. Your interpreting events differently after hearing your friend's opinion is called

Back 73

norm formation. B. conformity. C. obedience. D. reactance.

Front 74

An example of compliance

Back 74

wearing a suit or a dress to a wedding even if you dislike getting dressed up. - it is related to conformity.

Front 75

An interaction is said to occur when:

Back 75

the effect of one factor causes another

Front 76

Another term for believability is

Back 76

credibility

Front 77

Arvid didn't work very hard on his last class essay assignment, so he was relieved at first to find he'd gotten a "C" on it. But when he learned that most of his classmates had gotten "B's" and "A's", he felt unhappy and angry about his grade. Arvid's experience is best explained in terms of

Back 77

the relative deprivation principle.

Front 78

As an example of the liberating effects of group influence,_% of the participants in a variation of Milgram's study conformed to the confederate's behavior when the confederates defied the experimenter

Back 78

90

Front 79

As noted in the text, the World Economic Forum stated in the Global Gender Gap Report of 2008, that Norway, Finland, and Sweden

Back 79

have the greatest gender equality.

Front 80

As they age, women become more:

Back 80

assertive

Front 81

Asch's 3-line experiment

Back 81

37% conformity by participants when all other participants gave the same wrong answer for which two lines were the same

Front 82

Asch's conformity experiments showed that most people

Back 82

tell the truth even when others do not.

Front 83

autokinetic phenomenon

Back 83

Self (auto) motion (kinetic). The apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark

Front 84

Autokintetic effect

Back 84

an optical illusion of the apparent movement of a stationary point of light viewed in the dark

Front 85

Ayres' (1991) research team visited 90 Chicago-area car dealers using a uniform strategy to negotiate the lowest price on a $11,000 car. The results indicated that __ were given the highest quote

Back 85

Black females

Front 86

Based on research cited in the text, who is most likely to honk aggressively at someone stopped at a green light

Back 86

The driver of a convertible with the top up

Front 87

Bearman and Brueckner (2001) found that teens who made a public virginity-until-marriage pledge became __ likely to remain sexually abstinent than similar teens who do not make the pledge

Back 87

somewhat more

Front 88

Bearman and Brueckner (2001) found that teens who made a public virginity-until-marriage pledge became somewhat more likely to remain sexually abstinent than similar teens who do not make the pledge. This is an example of how

Back 88

status produces psychological reactance. B. a we-they feeling has evolved between professional sports players and officials. C. the teen seeks to maintain emotional distance from would-be sexual partners. D. public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

Front 89

Because we are sensitive to distinctive events, the simultaneous occurrence of two such events is especially noticeable. Our attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create

Back 89

illusory correlations.

Front 90

Both sides believing "we are moral, good, and right, and they are evil" is an example of a

Back 90

mirror-image perception.

Front 91

Bradshaw's books on "reclaiming your inner child" suggest techniques that are consistent with what social psychologists call

Back 91

diffusing responsibility

Front 92

Brent is a White man who has been given a choice to work with Darwin or Ken. Darwin is a Black man who shares many of Brent's values and attitudes. Ken is a White man who shares little in common with Brent. Who will Brent like most and want to work with

Back 92

Darwin

Front 93

Brock (1965) found that paint store customers were more influenced by the testimony of an

Back 93

an ordinary person who recently bought the same amount of paint as they did

Front 94

Brown (1987) has reported that forms of address, such as the distinction between formal and informal forms of “you” in many languages, communicate not only social distance, but also __

Back 94

social status

Front 95

Bystanders will inhibit helping most under which of the following conditions

Back 95

the emergency is ambiguous b. the other bystanders are strangers c. the bystanders cannot readily read one another's reactions

Front 96

Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that participants in an experiment who worked alongside another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They called this

Back 96

the chameleon effect. B. mood linkage. C. compliance. D. automatic processing.

Front 97

Closed-mindedness is most clearly fostered by which of the following symptoms of groupthink

Back 97

rationalization

Front 98

closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure

Back 98

in follow up by milgram, when the experimenter gave instructions over the phone obedience was reduced 21%- In another follow up the experimenter leaves and assistant in charge- 80% refused to comply- legitimate authority increases obedience

Front 99

Compared to Euro-American cultures, Asian cultures are more likely to teach their children

Back 99

independence. B. collectivism. C. to follow their own conscience. D. to respect another's privacy.

Front 100

Compared to individualistic Americans, people socialized in collectivistic cultures such as China and India define justice

Back 100

more as need fulfillment.

Front 101

Compared to low self-monitoring people, high self-monitoring people are especially helpful if they think that

Back 101

helpfulness will be socially rewarded

Front 102

Compared to people in individualistic countries, those in collectivist countries are

Back 102

More responsive to others' influence

Front 103

Compared to the national rate, abused children are __ times __ likely to abuse their own children

Back 103

4; more

Front 104

comparison to women, men fall in love more __ and out of love more __

Back 104

readily; slowly

Front 105

compliances

Back 105

conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing; changes in behavior are elicited by direct requests.

Front 106

Concern for social image involves __ influence; the desire to be correct involves __ influence

Back 106

normative; informational

Front 107

Conciliation means

Back 107

giving in, or conceding something to the other side.

Front 108

Confederates who were dressed either conservatively or in counterculture garb approached either "straight" or "hip" college students and asked for change to make a phone call. Results of this experiment confirmed a __ bias in helping

Back 108

similarity

Front 109

conformity

Back 109

a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure

Front 110

Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain their acceptance, is called

Back 110

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 111

Conformity is greater when people feel incompetent. This pattern reflects

Back 111

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 112

Conformity is greater when people respond publicly before a group. This pattern reflects

Back 112

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 113

Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is called

Back 113

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 114

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request, while privately disagreeing is called

Back 114

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 115

Conformity that occurs when people accept evidence about reality that is provided by other people is called

Back 115

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 116

Consistent with the phenomenon of the greatest prejudice occurring in the most intimate social realms, a national 1994 survey of Americans found that __ percent would shop at a store owned by a homosexual, and __ percent would see a homosexual doctor

Back 116

75; 39

Front 117

Consistent with the social facilitation effect, Michaels and collaborators (1982) found that when weak pool players in the student union were observed, they did __ than when they did not know they were being observed

Back 117

worse

Front 118

Consistent with the theory that there are biochemical influences on aggression, research has found that violent people are __ likely to drink and to become __ when intoxicated

Back 118

more; aggressive

Front 119

Consistent with what is known about depersonalization, Lydon and Dunkel-Schetter (1994) found that expectant women expressed more __ to their pregnancies after seeing an ultrasound photo of the fetus

Back 119

apathy B. resentment C. commitment D. hostility

Front 120

Consistent with what is known about depersonalization, Lydon and Dunkel-Schetter (1994) found that expectant women expressed more_to their pregnancies after seeing an ultrasound photo of the fetus

Back 120

commitment

Front 121

Court (1985) reports that as pornographic materials have become more widely available, the rate of reported rapes has generally been found to

Back 121

increase.

Front 122

Cultural attitudes are embodied and reinforced in

Back 122

schools. b. government. c. media.

Front 123

Darla wants to persuade her parents to help pay for a study trip abroad. She will have a more difficult time succeeding if

Back 123

her parents are forewarned of her intent to convince them.

Front 124

Darley and Cooper (1972) found that when students were invited to write essays advocating a strict dress code, which was against the students' own positions, the students were

Back 124

not willing to write the essays even if they were paid.

Front 125

deadline

Back 125

creating an illusion of the strict deadline

Front 126

DeBruine (2002) found that when students played an interactive game with a supposed other player, participants were __ when the other person's pictured face had some features of their own face morphed into it

Back 126

more trusting and more generous

Front 127

Displaced aggression is most likely when the target __ to the instigator

Back 127

shares some similarity

Front 128

distance to the victim

Back 128

the further away they were form the victim the more likely they were to obey- greater distance increases obedience

Front 129

Dixon and Wetherell argue that to understand gender inequality we must understand:

Back 129

everyday discursive practices

Front 130

Doing as others do is what social psychologists call

Back 130

norm formation. B. conformity. C. obedience. D. reactance.

Front 131

door-in-the-face technique

Back 131

a two step compliance technique in which an influencer prefaces the real request with one that is so large that it is rejected

Front 132

During the 1970s, the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority. The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners, then to observe torture, and then to eventually practice torture. This process demonstrates how __ can breed __

Back 132

obedience; conformity B. conformity; obedience C. compliance; acceptance D. acceptance; compliance

Front 133

Eagly's (1994) "women-are-wonderful" effect is an example of __

Back 133

a favorable stereotype

Front 134

Elana's boss told her today that she is being let go due to company downsizing. Later when she goes home, she is critical of her girlfriend's choice of restaurant for dinner

Back 134

displaced aggression

Front 135

Empathy can be defined as

Back 135

when a person tries to put themselves in another person's place and feel what they might be feeling.

Front 136

Eros is to __ as storge is to __

Back 136

passion; friendship

Front 137

Evaluation apprehension helps explain the enhancement of dominant responses when people

Back 137

think they are being evaluated.

Front 138

Even though you really dislike wearing a dress, you decide to wear one to your cousin's wedding. This is an example of

Back 138

Compliance

Front 139

Even when people have no strong feelings about a product or a candidate, __ can increase sales or votes

Back 139

repetition

Front 140

Example of acceptance

Back 140

when an individual sincerely starts to believe something that he or she initially questioned.

Front 141

example of status

Back 141

construction worker will be more likely to obey an experimenter than a teacher - lower status, greater conformity

Front 142

Exposing people to weak attacks on their attitudes, which then stimulates thinking in support of the initial attitude is known as

Back 142

Attitude inoculation

Front 143

factors that predict conformity

Back 143

group size -unanimity -group cohesion -status -prior commitment -security

Front 144

Fear-arousing messages have proven potent in convincing people to

Back 144

cut down on smoking -Incorrect brush their teeth more often- Incorrect drive carefully Incorrect

Front 145

Fixed action patterns (FAPs) are

Back 145

Sequences of behavior that always occur in the same fashion

Front 146

foot-in-the-door technique

Back 146

a two step compliance technique in which the influences sets the stage for the real request by first getting the other person to comply with a smaller request

Front 147

From an evolutionary perspective it would be most difficult to explain why

Back 147

Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered.

Front 148

Gangestad and others (2003) have found that during ovulation, women show a heightened preference for men with

Back 148

masculine features.

Front 149

Gender differences are seen in the play behavior of children, with

Back 149

girls having more close conversations and less aggressiveness than boys.

Front 150

Gender differences in aggression, as seen in the United States, are marked by statistics showing that males comprise __ of prisoners

Back 150

92

Front 151

GRIT attempts to reduce conflict between two groups by

Back 151

conciliation.

Front 152

group cohesion

Back 152

decisions from someone within our group will persuade us more than someone from outside the group. - greater group cohesion, greater conformity

Front 153

Group members who feel attracted to the group are more responsive to its influence. This fact illustrates the impact of __ on conformity

Back 153

unanimity B. status C. cohesiveness D. co-morbidity

Front 154

group size

Back 154

larger groups, greater conformity

Front 155

Groupthink can be defined as

Back 155

a tendency to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony.

Front 156

hard-to-get

Back 156

perceived scarcity, afraid that desirable object will soon be unavailable and then hard to get

Front 157

Harris argues that 40 to 50 percent of the personality differences between siblings can be explained by

Back 157

peer influence

Front 158

Hatfield defines __ as a state of intense longing for union with another

Back 158

passionate love

Front 159

High school students Aisha and Jared have been dating each other casually. When Aisha parents tell her to stop seeing Jared and ask her to go out with "nicer boys," Aisha announces that she and Jared are actually "in love" and have decided to go steady. Aisha's behavior most likely illustrates the effects of

Back 159

the false uniqueness effect. B. the fundamental attribution error. C. the self-serving bias. D. psychological reactance.

Front 160

How did Asch's studies of conformity differ from those of Sherif

Back 160

Asch's participants faced a more ambiguous task. B. Sherif's participants were dealing with facts rather than opinions. C. Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment. D. Sherif's participants were in the physical presence of the pressuring group while Asch's participants were not.

Front 161

How does the inclusion of statistics alter the effectiveness of an advertisement

Back 161

Statistics signal expertise, which increases the effectiveness of the ad

Front 162

How intense and reactive we are in infancy reflects our

Back 162

temperament.

Front 163

How many chromosomes in the human genome are unisex

Back 163

45

Front 164

If people remember the message better than the reason for discounting it, the impact of a noncredible person may __ over time

Back 164

increase

Front 165

If we were to conclude that Milgram's obedient participants were particularly hostile and aggressive people, we would be

Back 165

committing the fundamental attribution error.

Front 166

If you clean your room only because your parents order you to, your behavior is a form of

Back 166

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 167

If you subject people to weak versions of a persuasive message, they are less vulnerable to stronger versions later on. This is known as

Back 167

Inoculation

Front 168

If your parents tell you that you can't drink until you are 21, you may well go out drinking before then. Psychologists refer to this as:

Back 168

reactance

Front 169

In a revision of frustration-aggression theory, Berkowitz emphasized the importance of

Back 169

anger, an emotional readiness to aggress.

Front 170

In a study by Hofling and his colleagues (1966), 22 hospital nurses were telephoned by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious drug overdose. Results showed that

Back 170

most would not act on the order unless the caller named a familiar physician as a reference. B. most nurses refused to comply unless given the order in writing. C. less experienced nurses complied but more experienced ones challenged the order. D. all but one proceeded to comply without delay.

Front 171

In a study by Snyder (1980), students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to those of 10,000 other students __ when they participated in a conformity experiment

Back 171

were judged most attractive by their fellow participants B. were more willing to obey the experimenter's request to make a public commitment to a popular cause C. took on additional attitudes as well as the mannerisms of the majority D. asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

Front 172

In a variation of the Milgram study, teachers were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate. Under these conditions, __ % obeyed

Back 172

100 B. 70 C. 30 D. 15

Front 173

In a variation of the Milgram study, the learner was in the same room as the teacher. Under these conditions, __ % obeyed to 450 volts

Back 173

100 B. 80 C. 40 D. 20

Front 174

In a variation of the Milgram study, the learner was in the same room as the teacher. Under these conditions,_% obeyed to 450 volts

Back 174

40

Front 175

In arbitration, an arbitrator __ a settlement between the two parties

Back 175

imposes

Front 176

In calling sports decisions, umpires and referees rarely change their decisions as a result of a player's objection. This may be an example of how

Back 176

status produces psychological reactance. B. a we-they feeling has evolved between professional sports players and officials. C. the umpire or referee seeks to maintain emotional distance from players. D. public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

Front 177

In egalitarian societies

Back 177

evolutionary demands on mating preferences are less.

Front 178

In examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, Archer (1983) and colleagues found that, relative to the average female photo, the average male photo is more likely to

Back 178

emphasize the face.

Front 179

In experiments by Zajonc and his coworkers, participants were exposed to brief novel passages of music while they focused their attention on other tasks. Results indicated that mere exposure leads to liking

Back 179

even when people are unaware of what they have been exposed to.

Front 180

In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must __ than when they must __

Back 180

respond publicly; write down their responses in private B. commit themselves in writing; announce their responses in public C. think before acting; react spontaneously D. explain their responses; keep silent

Front 181

In follow-up experiments to his initial study, Milgram made the learner's protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to answer. With this added condition

Back 181

the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands. B. teachers were more reluctant to deliver initial shocks. C. learners became more real and personal to the teacher. D. fewer participants went to 450 volts.

Front 182

In Hamilton and Gifford's (1976) study, students were told that various members of "Group A" or "Group B" did either something desirable or something undesirable. While many more statements described members of Group A than Group B, both groups were associated with nine desirable behaviors for every four undesirable behaviors. Results indicated

Back 182

that students perceived members of Group B more negatively.

Front 183

In his classic study of __ , Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the distance a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room

Back 183

obedience B. group cohesiveness C. norm formation D. psychological reactance

Front 184

In light of the Milgram studies, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determined obedience

Back 184

the victim's emotional distance B. the victim's physical distance C. the authority's closeness and legitimacy D. whether or not the authority was institutionalized

Front 185

In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full obedience

Back 185

dropped to zero. B. dropped to 21 percent. C. dropped to 50 percent. D. increased to 73 percent.

Front 186

In Muzafer Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment, __ led to cooperation

Back 186

the formation of superordinate goals.

Front 187

In one variation of his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a confederate "clerk" (posing as a fellow participant) to assume command in the experimenter's absence. As a result of this manipulation

Back 187

80% of the teachers refused to comply fully.

Front 188

In Schachter and Singer's classic 1962 study, participants injected with adrenaline were exposed to either an angry or a euphoric confederate. Participants who expected the injection to make them feel __ became __ when placed with the angry confederate

Back 188

no side effects; angry

Front 189

In surveys conducted on groups of younger and older people over several years, the results supported the_explanation for how age plays a role in persuasion

Back 189

generational

Front 190

In the 1940s, researchers Kenneth Clark and Mamie Clark (1947) gave African-American children a choice between Black dolls and White dolls. Results showed that most

Back 190

chose the White dolls.

Front 191

In the spring of 1954, Seattle residents were alarmed by widespread reports of damage by a mysterious windshield-pitting agent. According to the text, the true cause of public concern was most likely

Back 191

fallout from recent Pacific testing of the H-bomb. B. mass suggestibility. C. psychological reactance. D. the autokinetic phenomenon.

Front 192

In Western individualistic societies, the word "conformity" carries

Back 192

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 193

In your marketing class, your assignment is to create an advertisement that will encourage people to buy brand X nicotine patch over brand Y nicotine patch. Given your knowledge of persuasion, which strategy would be most effective

Back 193

an ad that reads "Lung cancer kills," along with a suggestion that patch X is an effective strategy for quitting smoking

Front 194

informational influence

Back 194

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Front 195

Ingham(1974) found that when blindfolded participants thought they were pulling a tug of war with other participants they pulled __ than when they thought they were pulling alone

Back 195

less

Front 196

institutional authority

Back 196

what if the study had not been conducted at yale university?- more prestigious institution increases obedience.

Front 197

Institutional practices that subordinate people of a given sex are called __

Back 197

sexism

Front 198

Interpreting events differently after hearing from others is what social psychologists call

Back 198

norm formation. B. conformity. C. obedience. D. reactance..

Front 199

Kala's grandparents immigrated from Europe. Kala holds such a strong belief that her ethnic group is superior to all others that she could accurately be described as being

Back 199

Ethnocentric

Front 200

Knowing that someone is trying to coerce you may prompt you to do the opposite of that person's wishes. This response is predicted by

Back 200

the reactance theory. B. the theory of normative social influence. C. Milgram's theory of obedience. D. the social norms theory.

Front 201

Lack of prior commitment

Back 201

once you have committed yourself to a decision, you will typically not change your judgement - public commitment to initial judgement decreases conformity.

Front 202

Latané and Darley (1968) had university students complete questionnaires in a small room, and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent. Students who were working __ tended to notice the smoke __

Back 202

alone; in less than five seconds.

Front 203

Lori heard a rumor that Tina said something bad about her, so she cut Tina off. As a result, Tina did say something bad about Lori, This shows

Back 203

how mirror-image perceptions become self-fulfilling.

Front 204

lowballing

Back 204

a two-step technique in which the influencer secures agreement with a request, but then increases the size of that request by revealing hidden costs.

Front 205

Male aggression and dominance has been enhanced due to

Back 205

natural selection.

Front 206

Males are likely to take jobs that __ , while women are more likely to take jobs that __

Back 206

enhance inequalities; reduce inequalities.

Front 207

Marcus and Miller (2003) have found that people's agreement about others' attractiveness is higher when __ than when __

Back 207

men rate women; men rate men

Front 208

Martha is excellent at organizing her employees, setting goals, and focusing on achieving those goals for the company. Martha excels in

Back 208

task leadership

Front 209

Men are more __ while women are more __

Back 209

autocratic; democratic

Front 210

Miles Patterson and Yuichi Iizuka (2006) found that:

Back 210

American pedestrians were much more likely than Japanese pedestrians to smile at, nod to, or greet someone who walked by them

Front 211

Miles Patterson and Yuichi Iizuka (2007) found that:

Back 211

American pedestrians were much more likely than Japanese pedestrians to smile at, nod to, or greet a confederate who walked by them.

Front 212

Milgram's obedience experiments

Back 212

series of experiments with a confederate "student" and a participant "teacher". Optimum conditions for obedience - legitimate, close commander, remote victim, no other participants --> 65% adult males fully complied with the orders to administer deadly shocks

Front 213

Milgram's studies explored_; Asch's studies explored

Back 213

obedience; conformity

Front 214

Milgram's study was so successful, because it used:

Back 214

the foot-in-the-door technique

Front 215

Most Americans agree that

Back 215

they would vote for a qualified woman whom their party nominated for president.

Front 216

Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of __ . His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of __

Back 216

a stereotype; discrimination

Front 217

Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate __ in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate

Back 217

decreases

Front 218

Niche marketing is a method of

Back 218

Targeting a particular segment of the market

Front 219

Ninety percent of those who have received the Carnegie medal for heroism in saving human life have been

Back 219

men.

Front 220

Norman Triplett is to __ as Irving Janis is to __

Back 220

social facilitation; groupthink

Front 221

normative influence

Back 221

conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance

Front 222

Normative influence leads to compliance, especially for those

Back 222

in ambiguous situations. B. who are comfortable in their roles. C. who are seeking to climb a status ladder. D. who are in positions of authority.

Front 223

Norms __ behavior

Back 223

prescribe

Front 224

obedience

Back 224

acting in accord with a direct order or command

Front 225

Of the following, which one demonstrates that role-playing can be constructive

Back 225

role reversal

Front 226

One element of evolutionary psychology, that applies to social psychology, is the idea that

Back 226

a person's behavior and personality traits which are considered favorable by one's culture are more likely to be passed on to the next generation through reproduction.

Front 227

One of the lessons of Milgram’s obedience experiment is that each time you obey a request

Back 227

It becomes more likely that you will obey the next request

Front 228

One salient factor in Milgram's study on obedience was the experimenter. When the experiment was varied so that the experimenter gave orders over the phone, obedience:

Back 228

was greatly reduced

Front 229

Penny has just arrived as a new student on campus and does not know anyone. All else being equal, is she most likely to become friends with Joni who lives next door, with Crissy who lives two doors down, with Beth who lives three doors down, or with Helda who lives in the room directly above

Back 229

Joni

Front 230

people are more susceptible to informational influence if:

Back 230

#NAME?

Front 231

People from __ countries are most likely to conform to those around them

Back 231

collectivistic

Front 232

People in groups will loaf less when

Back 232

the task is challenging. b. the task is important and involving. c. the group is cohesive

Front 233

People tend to have different social and political attitudes depending on their age because attitudes change as people grow older. This refers to the_explanation for how age plays a role in persuasion

Back 233

life cycle

Front 234

People with __ self-esteem are the easiest to influence

Back 234

moderate

Front 235

Personality is a good predictor of behaviour when:

Back 235

social influences are weak

Front 236

Prejudice is a

Back 236

attitude

Front 237

private conformity

Back 237

a change in belief that occurs when a person privately accepts the position taken by others

Front 238

Psychologist William James believed that "Piety is the mask" for

Back 238

all sorts of cruel deeds

Front 239

public conformity

Back 239

a superficial change in overt behavior, without a corresponding change of opinion, produced by real, or imagined group pressure

Front 240

reactance

Back 240

a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. Reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action (e.g. "no machete juggling" or underage binge drinking)

Front 241

Realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises

Back 241

when groups compete for scarce resources.

Front 242

Regarding independence and connectedness, research shows

Back 242

women are more connected to others than men.

Front 243

Reicher argues that inhumanity to others occurs because:

Back 243

people believe what they are doing is right

Front 244

Research by Baron and colleagues (1996) demonstrated that merely hearing one's opinion about the comforts of a dental chair corroborated by another led to

Back 244

more extreme ratings of the chair.

Front 245

Research by Craig Anderson shows that violent video games

Back 245

increase arousal b. increase aggressive thinking c. decrease prosocial behavior

Front 246

Research has found that __ speakers are rated as more objective, intelligent, and knowledgeable

Back 246

fast

Front 247

Research has found that when measured in infancy, temperament

Back 247

usually endures.

Front 248

Research in both the United States and Canada revealed that the percentage of those who reported having been drunk in the last year was __ for those over the legal drinking age than for those under the legal drinking age

Back 248

slightly higher B. lower C. the same D. significantly higher

Front 249

Research in both the United States and Canada revealed that the percentage of those who reported having been drunk in the last year was lower for those over the legal drinking age than for those under the legal drinking age. This exemplifies which of the following concepts

Back 249

reaction formation B. regression C. psychological reactance D. the self-serving bias

Front 250

Research indicates that it is only through socialization that children

Back 250

exhibit empathy. b. take pleasure in being helpful

Front 251

Research on "terror management" has shown that when feeling vulnerable about their own mortality, people are __ likely to derogate __ members

Back 251

more; outgroup

Front 252

Research on alcohol and aggression has indicated that

Back 252

over half of rapists surveyed report they had been drinking before committing their offense. b. people who have been drinking commit more than half of all homicides. c. in experiments, intoxicated people administer stronger shocks.

Front 253

Research on group size and conformity has shown that

Back 253

as group size increases, conformity decreases. B. as group size increases, conformity increases. C. group size influences conformity in teenagers but not in adults. D. the conformity of females is more significantly influenced by group size than is the conformity of males.

Front 254

Research on misperceptions and war has shown which one of three of the following misperceptions was a common feature in ten wars of the last century

Back 254

underestimating the strength of one's enemy.

Front 255

Research on social influence points out the key issues:

Back 255

Immediate situational forces are powerful - Normative pressures influence our behavior - It is hard to predict our behavior

Front 256

Research on the two-factor theory of love supports which of the following conclusions

Back 256

Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder.

Front 257

Research regarding smiling has shown

Back 257

There are gender differences, with women having higher rates of smiling compared to women.

Front 258

Research shows that when someone does a favor for us, we

Back 258

Feel compelled to repay the favor in equal value

Front 259

Researchers have explored several areas in search of the factors affecting conformity. Which of the following is one of those areas

Back 259

religion B. personality C. sexual orientation D. race

Front 260

Researchers have found that people tend to pair off with partners who are about as attractive as themselves. This is known as

Back 260

the matching phenomenon

Front 261

Researchers have found that trustworthiness is __ if the audience believes the communicator is NOT trying to persuade them

Back 261

higher

Front 262

Resolving social dilemmas can be accomplished through

Back 262

cooperating for mutual betterment.

Front 263

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others is the definition of

Back 263

self-disclosure.

Front 264

Rivalry between groups is often most intense when the groups

Back 264

closely resemble each other. B. share a common goal. C. are very different. D. are of different ethnic groups.

Front 265

Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. Their relationship is best understood as an example of

Back 265

the matching phenomenon.

Front 266

Sally is interested in purchasing a DVD player, and is overwhelmed by the many different models available at her local electronics store. She decides to consult a magazine devoted to reviewing the quality of home electronics. After reading a number of articles stating the pros and cons of each model, she decides on a DVD player. Sally has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the __ route to persuasion

Back 266

Central

Front 267

Sanders, Baron, and Moor (1978) have explained social facilitation by noting that a conflict occurs between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task at hand. They named this explanation __

Back 267

driven to distraction

Front 268

scarcity

Back 268

a compliance technique in which the opportunity o act in limited in terms of time or number

Front 269

Schaller and Cialdini (1988) told participants who felt sad over a suffering victim that their sadness was going to be relieved by listening to a comedy tape. Under these conditions, participants who felt empathy for the victim

Back 269

were not especially helpful.

Front 270

Security

Back 270

if you feel sure that you are liked and accepted by group members, you will be more likely to voice disagreement with them rather than if you feel insecure about your relationship with them.- people with low self esteem are more likely to yield to group pressure- less secure, greater conformity

Front 271

Seven in ten infants exhibit __ attachment

Back 271

secure

Front 272

Several restaurant managers complied with orders from a telephone caller, posing as a police officer, to strip search a customer or employee. This is an example of the power of __ on compliance

Back 272

group influence B. personality factors C. the closeness of the authority D. the legitimacy of authority

Front 273

shares some similarity

Back 273

is basically over

Front 274

Sherif is to the study of __ as Asch is to the study of __

Back 274

conformity; compliance B. compliance; conformity C. norm formation; obedience D. norm formation; conformity

Front 275

Sherif's autokinetic experiment

Back 275

norms for "proper' answers emerged and survived both over long periods of time and through succeeding generations of research participants

Front 276

Sigmund Freud argued that aggression ultimately springs from

Back 276

a primitive death urge

Front 277

Since we are born selfish, evolutionary psychologists such as Richard Dawkins propose that we attempt to

Back 277

teach altruism

Front 278

Some years ago, a mysterious student enveloped in a big black bag began attending a speech class at a state university. While the teacher knew "Black Bag's" identity, the other students did not. As the semester progressed, the students' attitude toward Black Bag changed from hostility to curiosity to friendship. What may best explain the students' change in attitude

Back 278

Exposure breeds liking.

Front 279

status

Back 279

people of a lower status are more likely to conform to people of higher status

Front 280

Studies have shown that if people are or will be aware of opposing arguments, a __ presentation is more persuasive and enduring

Back 280

two-sided

Front 281

Studies involving __ most clearly demonstrate how social influence can take the form of acceptance

Back 281

the judgments of the length of lines B. the judgments of the autokinetic phenomenon C. the shocking of innocent victims D. personality factors

Front 282

Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that

Back 282

after age 25, testosterone and rates of violent crime decrease together.

Front 283

Studies show that when being bombarded with too many choices, people experience

Back 283

Anxiety followed by a desire for simplicity

Front 284

Suzy is interested in purchasing a DVD player and is overwhelmed by the many different models available at her local electronics store. She decides to purchase a shiny, metallic-looking model, as it is the best-looking one in the store. Suzy has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the __ route to persuasion

Back 284

peripheral

Front 285

Taylor and Fiske (1978) have found that a Black in an otherwise White group, a man in an otherwise female group, or a woman in an otherwise male group seems

Back 285

to be the cause of whatever happens.

Front 286

The __ effect occurs when we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it

Back 286

sleeper

Front 287

The __ effect refers to how information presented first usually has the most influence

Back 287

primacy

Front 288

The __ effect refers to how information that is presented last can have the most influence

Back 288

reginacy

Front 289

The __ is defined as the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well: What is beautiful is good

Back 289

Physical Attractiveness Stereotype

Front 290

The __ route to persuasion occurs when interested people focus on arguments

Back 290

central

Front 291

The __ route to persuasion occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Back 291

Peripheral

Front 292

The __ technique is defined as a technique for gaining compliance with a request by first persuading a person to comply with a small request, then following up with a larger request

Back 292

foot-in-the-door

Front 293

The “better than average” effect states that:

Back 293

Most people believe they have above average abilities and positive personality characteristics

Front 294

The 2008 Global Gender Gap report states that relatively low levels of gender equality are found in:

Back 294

Chad

Front 295

The adaptive change in frequency of specific genes over generations is:

Back 295

natural selection

Front 296

The advice to continue having romantic dinners, trips to the theatre, and vacations once married would most probably be offered by

Back 296

reward theory of attraction

Front 297

The best known universal norm is the taboo against:

Back 297

incest

Front 298

The characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female is

Back 298

gender.

Front 299

The contrast effect applies to our perceptions of

Back 299

others. b. ourselves.

Front 300

The copycat suicide phenomenon is most likely to occur

Back 300

in older adults. B. two to three months later. C. in places where the suicide story is publicized. D. during the winter.

Front 301

The correlation between parental (father) absence and violence holds

Back 301

across race, status, and education.

Front 302

The degree to which personality predicts our behavior is __ related to the degree to which social influences predict our behavior

Back 302

positively B. negatively C. somewhat D. not at all

Front 303

The disgust and revulsion that most people feel regarding the topic of incest, can be viewed as

Back 303

a universal norm.

Front 304

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is

Back 304

culture.

Front 305

The ethics of milgrams experiment

Back 305

many critics argued that the study was unethical because the procedure inflicted stress and anxiety on the patients

Front 306

The evolutionary process by which nature selects traits that best enable organisms to survive is

Back 306

natural selection.

Front 307

The experimenter in Milgram's study used all EXCEPT which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue

Back 307

"It is absolutely essential that you continue." B. "You will be penalized if you refuse to go on." C. "You have no other choice, you must go on." D. "The experiment requires that you continue."

Front 308

The extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another, is called

Back 308

conformity. B. cohesion. C. compliance. D. unanimity.

Front 309

The high rate of underage drinking may be related to

Back 309

social roles. B. psychological reactance. C. a drive for uniqueness. D. informational influences.

Front 310

The illusion of invulnerability

Back 310

Is comforting belief - Is widespread in Western cultures - Sets us to be exploited

Front 311

The implications of evolutionary psychology suggest that human success is defined by

Back 311

exceeding average life expectancy

Front 312

The jigsaw technique is

Back 312

designed to elicit group cooperation

Front 313

The key to effectively changing a social norm is

Back 313

Avoiding the appearance of too much force

Front 314

The larger the crowd, the __ a person tends to be __

Back 314

more; aroused

Front 315

The most effective way for a persuader to avoid psychological reactance is to

Back 315

Make small initial requests and gradually increase subsequent requests

Front 316

The most famous and controversial experiments in social psychology were conducted by

Back 316

Milgram.

Front 317

The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines

Back 317

altruism.

Front 318

The motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is known as

Back 318

rebellion. B. disobedience. C. resistance. D. reactance.

Front 319

The names we choose for our children often express our

Back 319

social roles. B. desire for uniqueness. C. self concept. D. reaction formation.

Front 320

the norm of reciprocity

Back 320

social norm that dictates that we should treat others as they have treated us

Front 321

The notion of egoism maintains that

Back 321

self-interest motivates all behavior

Front 322

The opposite of altruism is __

Back 322

egoism

Front 323

The perception that one is less well off than others to whom one compares oneself is referred to as

Back 323

relative deprivation.

Front 324

The phrase "they are all alike, but we are diverse" reflects

Back 324

the outgroup homogeneity effect

Front 325

The power of the person is called

Back 325

personal control.

Front 326

The power of the situation is also called

Back 326

social control.

Front 327

The principle of contrast derives from the fact that human minds

Back 327

Magnify differences

Front 328

The psychological reactance theory may help explain why

Back 328

drinking on campus is heavier for underage drinkers than for legal-age drinkers. B. a toddler, ignoring a toy, protests and demands the toy back when a playmate begins to play with it. C. the demand for and value placed on an object is greater when the object is perceived to be rare or hard to get. D. All of the choices are correct.

Front 329

The relationship between our degree of self-awareness and our willingness to help is

Back 329

positive

Front 330

The relationship between the degree to which a group is cohesive and the degree to which the group has power over its members is a __ one

Back 330

positive B. negative C. neutral D. curvilinear

Front 331

The research on gender and helping norms reveals that men offered more help when the persons in need were __ , and women offered help __

Back 331

females; equally to males and females

Front 332

The results of both the Sherif and Asch studies are startling because their studies did not employ any

Back 332

judgments about ambiguous stimuli. B. groups larger than four persons. C. experimental realism. D. open, obvious pressure to conform.

Front 333

The results of the Asch conformity studies are startling because their studies did not employ any

Back 333

Open, obvious pressure to conform

Front 334

The spread of bodily complaints within a school or workplace with no organic basis for the symptoms is called

Back 334

mass influence. B. social influence. C. mass delusion. D. mass hysteria.

Front 335

The study of the evolution of behavior using the principles of natural selection is

Back 335

evolutionary psychology.

Front 336

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as

Back 336

the mere exposure effect.

Front 337

The tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner is referred to as

Back 337

disclosure reciprocity

Front 338

The text indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practiced. This fact is consistent with the principle that __ breeds prejudice

Back 338

conformity

Front 339

the thats-not-all technique

Back 339

a compliance technique in which the influencer begins with an inflated request and then decreases its apparent size by offering discounts or bonuses

Front 340

The theory of natural selection, postulated by __ , is used in the field of evolutionary psychology

Back 340

Charles Darwin.

Front 341

The vicarious experience of another's feelings is

Back 341

empathy.

Front 342

The world around, people rate men as more

Back 342

driven.

Front 343

The_route to persuasion occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Back 343

peripheral

Front 344

Time

Back 344

Is one of the most effective manipulations of the reciprocity norm - Is more readily accepted as a gift than other tangible commodities - Has become an economic commodity that can be bought and sold

Front 345

Today's newspaper headline reported an unsolved murder. Given what you have learned in social psychology, you can reasonably predict __ committed the murder

Back 345

a man

Front 346

Two primary components of credibility are

Back 346

Expertise and trustworthiness

Front 347

Two suspects are arrested for allegedly committing a crime. The police tell them that if one confesses, the confessor will be set free and the other one will be convicted of the crime. The suspects are confronted with

Back 347

the prisoner's dilemma.

Front 348

unanimity of the group

Back 348

more unanimous, greater conformity

Front 349

Violent crimes are more likely

Back 349

. when the weather is hot.

Front 350

we comply to

Back 350

receive a reward or avoid punishment

Front 351

We tend to like people who are like us. This exemplifies which characteristic of attractiveness

Back 351

similarity

Front 352

What are challenging beliefs and developing counterarguments

Back 352

One of two ways to resist persuasion.

Front 353

What are compliance breeds acceptance and FITD

Back 353

One of two ways attitude follows behavior in cult indoctrination.

Front 354

What are norms

Back 354

An accepted idea about appropriate behaviors.

Front 355

What are the different levels in which social conflict can occur

Back 355

international, intergroup, interpersonal.

Front 356

What are universal friendship norms, universal status norms, incest taboo, norms of war

Back 356

Two examples of cultural similarities. (Hint - there are 4)

Front 357

What breeds obedience

Back 357

The victim�s distance, closeness and legitimacy of the authority, institutional authority, the liberating effects of group influence.

Front 358

what did Asch test

Back 358

whether or not people would conform in situations in which group judgements were obviously incorrect.

Front 359

what did milgram study

Back 359

degree to which people will obey authority

Front 360

What is 18

Back 360

Women in 2008 comprised of _____% in the world's legislators.

Front 361

What is 45

Back 361

'Of the 46 chromosomes in the human genome, _____ are unisex.' (Judith Rich Harris, 1998)

Front 362

What is a co-actor

Back 362

On exam day, a student you do not know sits near you. This person is best described as a(n) _______.

Front 363

What is a man

Back 363

You read about an unsolved murder in the newspaper. Given what you have learned in social psychology, you can reasonably predict a(n) _______ committed the murder.

Front 364

What is alike; different

Back 364

We are more _____ than _____.

Front 365

What is central

Back 365

The most direct form of the two routes to persuasion.

Front 366

What is conformity

Back 366

Asch is famous for his _____ experiement.

Front 367

What is evaluation apprehension

Back 367

Concern for how others are judging us.

Front 368

What is group size, unanimity, cohesion, status, public response, and no prior committment

Back 368

One of the six predictors of conformity.

Front 369

What is increases

Back 369

The effect of other people _______ with their number.

Front 370

What is independence vs. connectedness

Back 370

Play, friendship, vocations, family relations, and empathy are some examples of _____ in gender differences. (Hint - there is a vs. in this answer)

Front 371

What is nature; nurture

Back 371

Evolutionary psychology embraces both _____ and _____. (Hint - genes and environment)

Front 372

What is none had been harmed

Back 372

A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that _____.

Front 373

What is obedience

Back 373

Milgram is famous for his _____ experiement.

Front 374

What is one factor that creates conflict

Back 374

competition.

Front 375

What is peripheral

Back 375

Suzy is interested in purchasing a DVD player, and is overwhelmed by the many different models available at her local electronics store. She decides to purchase a shiny, metallic-looking model, as it is the best-looking one in the store. Suzy has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the _______ route to persuasion.

Front 376

What is positive

Back 376

Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a _______ relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. (Think statistics)

Front 377

What is social facilitation

Back 377

The strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others.

Front 378

What is the effect of a fear-arousing communication

Back 378

Generally the more frightened people are, the more they respond.

Front 379

What is the sleeper effect

Back 379

The delayed persuasion where people forget the source or its connection.

Front 380

What is the term used to describe the perception of behavior or goals that are not compatible between two parties

Back 380

conflict

Front 381

What is true

Back 381

Women and men's physiological and subjective stimuli are more similar than different. (True or False)

Front 382

What predicts conformity

Back 382

1) when three or more people or groups model the behavior or belief 2) when the modeled behavior or belief is unanimous 3) when there is group cohesion 4) when those modeling the belief or behavior have high status 5) when responses are given in public 6) when a prior commitment to an anti-conformational behavior or belief has not been made

Front 383

What was the test sherif did

Back 383

had subjects sit in a dark room where they were shown a light, they were asked to give an estimate of how far the light moved. - participants first gave their answers alone then the next day gave their answers together in groups.

Front 384

When a choice concerns matters of personal value or ways of life,_communicators have more

Back 384

similar

Front 385

When a person conforms to gain acceptance, we say they are bowing to:

Back 385

normative influence

Front 386

When a recruiter gives you an American flag and then asks for donations, he is appealing to:

Back 386

The law of reciprocation

Front 387

When an initially discounted message becomes effective, a delayed impact of the message occurs. This is called the_effect

Back 387

sleeper

Front 388

When are you more likely to be persuaded

Back 388

when a message is clear and easy to comprehend and the arguments are convincing

Front 389

When Asch (1946) presented students with a description of someone as "intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn and envious", they rated the person __ than if the opposite order of adjectives was presented

Back 389

more

Front 390

When being observed increases evaluation concerns, __ occurs; when being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns, __ occurs

Back 390

social facilitation; social loafing

Front 391

When children are invited to ‘tell us about yourself’ they are most likely to mention:

Back 391

their distinctive attributes

Front 392

When fishermen over-fish, despite knowing that they are depleting that particular population of fish, it could be described as

Back 392

the tragedy of the commons.

Front 393

When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated, evaluation apprehension is __ and the probability of social loafing is __

Back 393

low; high

Front 394

When Milgram asked 100 psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment, the respondents said that they thought __ would __

Back 394

they themselves; never begin to administer the shocks B. they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts C. other people; disobey by about 210 volts D. other people; would go all the way to 450 volts

Front 395

When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20-to 50-year-old men, he found that over 60 percent of them

Back 395

went clear to 450 volts.

Front 396

When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner __ compared to the Yale rate

Back 396

remained unchanged B. decreased C. increased slightly D. increased significantly

Front 397

When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner_compared to the Yale rate

Back 397

decreased

Front 398

When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us to do something, it is a form of

Back 398

Obedience

Front 399

When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit, they were given

Back 399

up to four verbal prods to keep them going.

Front 400

When people allow the example of others to validate how to think, feel, and act, Cialdini (2000) would call this the __ principle of persuasion

Back 400

social proof

Front 401

When people experience a loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, they are in a state of __

Back 401

deindividuation

Front 402

When Piliavin (1969) and colleagues staged an emergency—a staggering, collapsing man—on 103 subway trips, they found that the victim was promptly offered assistance almost every time, even when he appeared to be drunk rather than disabled. Further research seems to confirm that bystander helpfulness was due at least in part to

Back 402

the fact that the situation was unambiguous.

Front 403

When Regina returned to the U.S. after two years in Madagascar, she felt uncomfortable and out of place. She was experiencing

Back 403

normative social influence. B. reentry distress. C. psychological reactance. D. anti-conformity.

Front 404

When someone purposely says or does something that is meant to hurt someone else, this is referred to as

Back 404

aggression.

Front 405

When the fear aroused by a persuasive message is relevant to a pleasurable activity (e.g., sex or smoking), the result according to Aronson (1997) is often

Back 405

denial

Front 406

When the influence of the situation is __ , the consequent behavior is more likely to be a result of __

Back 406

weak; individual personalities B. weak; external circumstances C. strong; internal forces D. strong; dispositions

Front 407

When we go along with the crowd and act counter to our own beliefs and values, we are conforming because of

Back 407

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 408

When William McGuire and his Yale University colleagues invited children to "tell us about yourself," they found that the children were most likely to mention their

Back 408

gender. B. nationality. C. distinctive attributes. D. most common personal characteristics.

Front 409

When you have complied with a request and have internalised a belief that your behaviour is justified, you are showing:

Back 409

acceptance

Front 410

When Zanna and Pack (1975) led women to believe that they would meet an attractive, unattached, nonsexist man who liked strong, ambitious women, the women

Back 410

behaved more intelligently and solved more problems.

Front 411

Which advertising technique does NOT illustrates the principle of social proof

Back 411

Using a trusted politician as a spokesperson

Front 412

Which is LIKELY a characteristic of a persuasive salesperson

Back 412

Likability, Honesty, Perceived expertise

Front 413

Which is the most likely to create long-term change of behavior

Back 413

Guilt

Front 414

Which of the following are not one of the gender differences supported by research

Back 414

Women are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD compared to men.

Front 415

Which of the following illustrates a superordinate goal

Back 415

People living in an apartment building install a television antenna they can all use.

Front 416

Which of the following illustrates media influence through a two-step flow of communication

Back 416

A man buys a new laundry detergent after hearing it recommended by a friend who read that it was both effective and environmentally safe in a consumer magazine article

Front 417

Which of the following is an effective way to increase helping behavior

Back 417

model prosocial behavior - make people feel guilty

Front 418

Which of the following is most true about cults

Back 418

They specialize in providing simple answers to complex questions

Front 419

Which of the following is not a way to decrease social dilemmas

Back 419

keeping groups large.

Front 420

Which of the following is NOT an example of informational influence

Back 420

when participants feel incompetent B. when the task is difficult C. when subjects are bilingual D. when people care about being right

Front 421

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of females

Back 421

They are slower to enter puberty

Front 422

Which of the following is not one of the forces that can transform hostility into harmony

Back 422

condemnation.

Front 423

Which of the following is true

Back 423

Those for whom religion is an end in itself express less prejudice than those for whom religion is more a means to an end.

Front 424

Which of the following is true about mavens? They:

Back 424

Know a lot of people - Communicate a great deal with people - Enjoy spreading the word about what they know and think

Front 425

Which of the following must take place before a message is likely to persuade

Back 425

attention

Front 426

Which of the following requests is most likely to result in the “boomerang effect”

Back 426

Suggesting a donation that is extremely high

Front 427

Which of the following statements about cross-cultural research on conformity is true

Back 427

Findings using the Asch procedure have found similar conformity rates in most countries, except among the Bantu of Zimbabwe, a tribe with strong sanctions against nonconformity. B. When Milgram compared the conformity of French and Norwegian students, the French consistently conformed more. C. Recent conformity studies in Britain, Canada, and the United States have indicated much more conformity than was observed two or three decades ago. D. Conformity rates vary widely among European countries.

Front 428

Which of the following statements is TRUE of conformity and obedience

Back 428

They are primarily collectivistic phenomena. B. They are primarily individualistic phenomena. C. They are universal phenomena that vary by culture. D. They are universal phenomena that are uninfluenced by culture.

Front 429

Which of the following tends to MINIMISE the degree of conformity found in Solomon Asch-type experiments

Back 429

Having an ally (i.e., a participant who gives the correct answer)

Front 430

Which of the following was NOT found to affect obedience in Milgram's studies

Back 430

Gender

Front 431

Which one of the following is NOT one of the conditions under which a thinking person would adopt the peripheral route to persuasion

Back 431

when the arguments are strong and compelling

Front 432

Which personality type is addicted to the power advantage given to them by building indebtedness from others

Back 432

The creditor

Front 433

Which prefers more personal space

Back 433

adults more than children

Front 434

Which route to persuasion is more likely to lead to long-lasting attitude and behavior changes

Back 434

central

Front 435

Which theory specifically predicts that we will be more altruistic toward our relatives than toward close friends

Back 435

evolutionary psychology

Front 436

Which two symptoms of groupthink lead group members to overestimate their group's right and might

Back 436

an illusion of invulnerability and an unquestioned belief in the group's morality

Front 437

While control participants were correct about line-length judgments more than 99% of the time in Asch's conformity study, his naive participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of others __ % of the time

Back 437

12 B. 37 C. 65 D. 87

Front 438

While walking down the street with your friend Sabrina the other day, she stopped to ask a child why he was crying. The boy said that he was lost, so Sabrina took time out of her busy day to help the child find his way home. Sarbrina's behavior can be characterized by

Back 438

altruism.

Front 439

who are made self-aware, by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera, for example, have been found to

Back 439

behave more consistently with their attitudes

Front 440

Who is Charles Darwin

Back 440

He proposed certain genes that contribute to survival become more abundant.

Front 441

Who is the most responsive to rational appeals

Back 441

Well-educated and analytical people

Front 442

who studied the emergence of social norms

Back 442

Sherif

Front 443

who studied umpires making calls on whether a player was safe or out

Back 443

Deutsch and Gerard

Front 444

who tested conformity and group security

Back 444

ditties and kelley

Front 445

Who wanted to study group pressure

Back 445

Asch

Front 446

why do people conform

Back 446

people have a strong need to belong

Front 447

why do people obey

Back 447

people justify their behavior by assigning responsibility to the authority -people define the expected behavior as routine -people want to be rude or offend the authority -people obey easy commands first and then feel compelled to obey more and more difficult commands.

Front 448

Williams and colleagues (2001) have found that when our need to belong is thwarted by ostracism, we respond with all of the following EXCEPT

Back 448

depressed mood. b. anxiety. c. hurt feelings.

Front 449

With regards to personal space, which would be expected

Back 449

North Americans prefer more space than do Latin Americans.

Front 450

You agree to buy a new car at a terrific price. Then the manger charges you for an option you thought was included in the original package. You’ve been the target of

Back 450

The low ball

Front 451

You are more likely to be persuaded when a message is

Back 451

clear and easy to comprehend and the arguments are convincing.

Front 452

You decide to pierce your tongue after all your friends have. This is an example of

Back 452

norm formation. B. conformity. C. obedience. D. reactance.

Front 453

You go out to dinner with three of your good friends. Friends 1 and 2 order dessert. Next, Friend 3 orders dessert. When the waiter gets to you, even though you are dieting, you order dessert. Why

Back 453

conformity

Front 454

You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are __ others present

Back 454

no

Front 455

Young immigrant children often prefer the language and norms of their new peer culture. This is because:

Back 455

peer groups have more influence in transmitting culture

Front 456

Your boss just told you that she is giving you a 5 percentt raise starting with your next paycheck. You are very pleased to hear this good news until you learn that some of your coworkers earned a 10 percent raise. Now you are unhappy and angry about your raise. Your experience is best explained in terms of

Back 456

the relative deprivation principle.

Front 457

You've noticed that your roommate tends to wash fewer dishes if he knows others are home. This is an example of

Back 457

social loafing

Front 458

Zimbardo (1970) explained the greater vandalism of an abandoned car left in New York than one left in Palo Alto in terms of the greater __ of the large city

Back 458

anonymity

Front 459

n

Back 459

n