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212 Cards in this Set
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Scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. |
Social Psychology |
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(?) occurs when one's emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others. |
Social influence |
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Social "rules" for conduct shared by members of a group or culture. |
Social norms |
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Good for social support, bad for getting anything done. |
Groups |
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Focus on what everyone knows, don't pay attention to experts. |
Common knowledge effect |
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Groups make more extreme decisions than any individual member. |
Group polarization |
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Focus on group causes personal values to seem less important. |
Deindividuation |
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Feel less responsibility to act because no one else is. |
Diffusion of responsibility |
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Spend less effort in group than alone because someone else will make up for it. |
Social loafing |
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Changing one's behavior to more closely match that of others. |
Conformity |
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Groups put cohesiveness of group before facts. |
Groupthink |
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Change behavior as a result of another person asking you to change. |
Compliance |
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A specialized branch of social psychology; it is the study of consumers and their behavior. |
Consumer psychology |
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A persuasion and sales technique. The principle is this: Start by asking someone for something small. If they comply with your first small request, they will be more likely to respond to your next and bigger request. |
Foot in the door technique |
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A compliance method commonly studied in social psychology. The persuader attempts to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that the respondent will most likely turn down, much like a metaphorical slamming of a door in the persuader's face. |
Door in the face technique |
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A persuasion and selling technique in which an item or service is offered at a lower price than is actually intended to be charged, after which the price is raised to increase profits. |
Low-ball technique |
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Persuasion and selling technique which includes an initial, significant request and then, prior to the individual having a chance to respond, immediately lessening it to a smaller target request. The target request is, at times, made more appealing by offering some extra advantage. |
That's-Not-All Technique |
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"You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours" |
Norm of reciprocity |
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Changing behavior at direct order of an authority |
Obedience |
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Series of psychology experiments conducted at Yale University. Measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience. |
Milgram's experiment |
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Tendency to react positively or negatively toward something |
Attitudes |
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How are attitudes learned? |
Through experience |
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Attitude formation |
Direct contact Direct instruction Interaction with others Vicarious conditioning (observational learning) |
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Success depends on source, message, and target audience. |
Persuasion |
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How do we pay attention to arguments in systematic persuasion? |
Contents of message, facts |
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How do we pay attention to arguments in heuristic persuasion? |
Style of information presentation |
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Bad feeling when attitude and behavior don't match |
Cognitive dissonance |
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What can you do about cognitive dissonance? |
Change behavior Change attitude Form new justifications for attitude |
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Experiment in which participants were asked to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). As you can imagine, participant's attitudes toward this task were highly negative. They were then paid either $1 or $20 to tell a waiting participant that the tasks were really interesting. Almost all agreed to do it. Aim was to investigate if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. |
Carlsmith's boring $1 study |
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Stereotypes are a type of (?). |
social categorization |
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Schemas about personality based on single characteristics |
Implicit personality theory |
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Example of implicit personality theory |
Happy people are also friendly people |
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We remember (?) things better than (?). We also remember (?) things better than (?) things. |
bad; good
rare/unusual; common |
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We are more likely to remember when a (?) does something bad. |
minority |
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Stereotypes are (?). |
self-perpetuating |
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Tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave |
Self-fulfilling prophecy |
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People see what they expect to see |
Perceptual confirmation |
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Tendency to create "exceptions to the rule" rather than abandoning stereotypes |
Subtyping |
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Stereotypes can be (?). |
automatic |
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How people explain other people's behavior |
Attribution |
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Causes of attribution: |
Situational cause
Dispositional cause |
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Too much emphasis on dispositional causes |
Fundamental attribution error |
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Your own behavior you attribute to situation. Other's behavior you attribute to disposition. |
Actor-observer effect |
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Experiment developed after assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. to help kids understand racism. Day one: Blue eyes are better than brown eyes. Day two: Brown eyes are better than blue eyes. |
Jane Elliott's famous 3rd grade blue eyed/brown eyed experiment |
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Unfounded bad attitude about a group |
Prejudice |
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Treating a group differently |
Discrimination |
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Competing for resources increases prejudice |
Realistic conflict theory |
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Taking out frustrations on the least powerful group, regardless of cause |
Scapegoating |
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Three parts of social identity theory: |
Social categorization Social identification Social comparison |
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Assigning yourself to a group |
Social categorization |
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Viewing yourself as a member |
Social identification |
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Comparing yourself favorably to other "out" groups to increase self-esteem |
Social comparison |
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Aware of stereotypes of your group and become anxious to avoid them |
Stereotype vulnerability |
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Contact between groups with prejudice on an equal basis |
Equal-status contact |
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Everyone has a piece of the puzzle |
Jigsaw classroom |
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Factors to attraction: |
Physical attractiveness Proximity Similarity Reciprocity of liking |
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Does the idea that "opposites attract" last in the long term? |
No |
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A very strong feeling about a person or thing. An intense emotion, compelling enthusiasm or desire for anything. |
Passionate love |
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A deep, mature, affectionate attachment between people who love each other, like each other, and respect each other. |
Compassionate love |
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Biological causes of aggression: |
Genes Brain tumors Testosterone/serotonin ratio Intoxication |
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Social causes of aggression: |
Social roles Aggressive models |
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Helping someone while expecting nothing in return |
Altruism |
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Why does altruism exist? |
Preservation of genetic line Reciprocal altruism |
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Why is reciprocal altruism not really altruism? |
Doing something to benefit another with expectation of benefit in the long run |
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The more bystanders, the less likely a single person will act |
Bystander effect |
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Someone else will help |
Diffusion of responsibility |
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Is there really an emergency |
Ambiguity |
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Am I feeling helpful today |
Mood of bystanders |
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Do they "deserve" it |
Characteristic of victim |
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Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events perceived as threatening or challenging |
Stress |
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Threatening stress |
Distress |
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Challenging stress |
Eustress |
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Stress causing events |
Stressors |
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Really terrible, unpredictable events |
Catastrophes |
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Disorder characterized by anxiety, recurring nightmares, trouble sleeping or concentrating, flashbacks Symptoms go away within a month of event |
Acute stress disorder |
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Disorder characterized by anxiety, recurring nightmares, trouble sleeping or concentrating, flashbacks Same symptoms present more than a month after |
Post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Are women or men more susceptible to PTSD? |
Women |
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Not necessarily bad events - new job, marriage, pregnancy |
Major life events |
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"Life change units" for stressful events
More than 150 points in a year can increase risk of illness or accidental injury |
Social readjustment rating scale |
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Small daily annoyances |
Hassles |
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Stressfulness of hassles depends on: |
View of events Personality Age |
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Psychological stressors: |
Pressure Uncontrollability Frustration Conflict |
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Being blocked from achieving a goal |
Frustration |
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Physical or mental characteristics prevent you from achieving a goal |
Internal frustration |
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Other people or things prevent you from a achieving a goal |
External frustration |
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Reactions to frustration: |
Persistence Aggression Escape or withdrawal |
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Choosing between different and opposing goals |
Conflict |
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Conflict between two good things |
Approach-approach |
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Conflict between two bad things |
Avoidance-avoidance |
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Conflict between one thing with both good and bad aspects |
Approach-avoidance |
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The body's short and long-term reactions to stress |
General adaptation syndrome |
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General adaptation syndrome stages: |
Alarm Resistance Exhaustion |
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Phase 1 of general adaptation syndrome - mobilize resources |
Alarm
Sympathetic nervous system |
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Phase 2 of general adaptation syndrome - cope with stressor |
Resistance
Stress hormones settle and person goes until resources are used up |
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Phase 3 of general adaptation syndrome - reserves depleted |
Exhaustion
Bad for body
Parasympathetic nervous system attempts to replenish lost resources |
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Stress triggers an immune response - uses up resources needed to fight infection
Short-lived stress okay, prolonged stress not. |
Immune response |
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Higher risk for heart attacks, poor health habits |
Heart disease |
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Stress won't give you (?), but may prevent you from fighting it
Natural killer cells |
Cancer |
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(?)'s cognitive appraisal approach explained the mental process which influenced stressors. |
Lazarus's |
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Personality types: |
Type A Type B Type C Hardy |
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Workaholics, hostile |
Type A |
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Not competitive, tend to be easygoing |
Type B |
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Pleasant, but bottle up emotions Higher incidence of cancer |
Type C |
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Hard working but not hostile Commitment, control, challenge |
Hardy |
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People who look for the positive side of things Better immune system function Less likely to become depressed |
Optimists |
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People who look for the negative sides of things More mental and physical health problems |
Pessimists |
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How to become an optimist: |
Alternative thinking - don't blame yourself so much, look for solutions instead of complaining
Downward social comparisons - it could be worse
Relaxation |
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Social stress: |
Poverty Job stress Acculturative stress Social support systems are important |
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A big cause of job stress is (?). |
burnout |
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Types of acculturative stress: |
Integration Assimilation Separation Marginalization |
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Strategies for coping with stress: |
Repressive coping Rational coping Reframing Meditation Biofeedback Aerobic exercise Social support Religion or spirituality Humor |
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Coping strategy in which you try to block it out - doesn't work so well |
Repressive coping |
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Coping strategy in which you try to find a solution to a stressful problem |
Rational coping |
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Coping strategy in which you think about your stressor in a new way that isn't as bad |
Reframing |
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Coping strategy in which you focus inward and relax or focus outward and appreciate |
Meditation |
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Meditation in which you focus inward and relax |
Concentrative meditation |
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Meditation in which you focus outward and appreciate |
Receptive meditation |
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Coping strategy in which you use external monitoring device to help you learn about your own body functions and how to control it |
Biofeedback |
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Coping strategy which increases endorphins and physical health |
Aerobic exercise |
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Study of abnormal behavior |
Psychopathology |
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Explanations for abnormal behavior in the past: |
Demons Imbalance of body "humors" Possession by spirits Witchcraft |
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Social norm deviance in a situational context differs by (?). |
culture |
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Psychological disorders do not always cause a person discomfort |
Subjective discomfort |
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Inability to function normally |
Maladaptive |
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Starvation in order to be thin (US and Great Britain) |
Anorexia nervosa |
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Models of abnormality: Psychological disorders have a medical or organic use |
Biological |
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Cause of biological abnormality |
Chemical imbalance Brain damage Genetics |
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Models of abnormality: Person may be biological predisposed to a certain disorder but it may not be expressed until triggered by stress |
Diathesis-stress model |
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Psychological models: Repressed thoughts and emotions |
Psychodyanmic |
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Psychological models: Learned responses (phobias) |
Behaviorism |
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Psychological models: Illogical thinking patterns |
Cognitive |
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Manual to help diagnose psychological disorders |
DSM-5 |
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Excessive or unrealistic anxiety |
Anxiety disorders |
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Anxiety that lacks a definite focus or content |
Free-floating anxiety |
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Irrational, persistent fear |
Phobia |
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Examples of social phobias: |
Public speaking Stage fright Urinating in public bathrooms |
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Examples of specific phobias: |
Snakes Spiders Dogs Enclosed spaces (claustrophobia) Heights (acrophobia) Injections, dentists, blood, the dark, germs |
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Fear of being in a place or situation in which escape would be difficult in the event that something goes wrong (usually public situations) |
Agoraphobia |
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Panic attacks are not that unusual in (?) and (?). |
adolescent girls young women |
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When do panic attacks become a panic disorder? |
When it affects functioning. |
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What can panic attacks feel like? |
Heart attack, dying, etc. |
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What is panic disorder with agoraphobia? |
Fear of having panic attacks in public. |
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Intruding thoughts occur again and again (obsessions) Actions done to alleviate anxiety (compulsions) |
Obsessive compulsive disorder |
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Excessive anxiety and worry occur more days than not for at least 6 months |
Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Causes of anxiety disorders: |
Displaced fears - fear of heights really hidden desire to jump?
Reinforcement - learned response?
Magnification - "mountains out of molehills"; all or nothing thinking, overgeneralization, minimization of good experiences
Biological - low levels of GABA and serotonin; twin studies support a genetic component; not cultural, occurs around the world |
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Affective disorders (emotional)
Mild |
Mood disorders |
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Chronic mild depression for 2 years or more |
Dysthymia |
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Cycling of mild depression and hypomania for 2 years or more |
Cycothymia |
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Extreme sadness for 2 weeks or more; lose interest of pleasure in things normally enjoyed; tired; sleep disturbances; changes in appetite; feelings of guilt or worthlessness; trouble concentrating; thoughts of death or suicide |
Major depression |
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Major depression is (?) as common in women. |
twice |
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Mod swings to both extremes; depression and mania |
Bipolar disorder |
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Extreme euphoria, restlessness, irritability, "unlimited" energy |
Mania |
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Repressed anger at parents |
Psychodynamic |
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Learned helplessness |
Behavioral |
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Decreased levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine |
Biological |
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Drugs like (?) and (?) increase levels of neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine). |
MAOIs and SSRIs |
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More than (?)% of people with bipolar disorder have a relative with a mood disorder. |
65% |
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Break from reality; NOT multiple personality disorder; delusions, hallucinations, speech disturbances, disorganized behavior; flat affect, poor attention, poor signal to noise ratio; problems with memory, attention, decision making |
Schizophrenia |
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Biological cause of schizophrenia: |
Changes in dopamine and glutamate levels; too much dopamine in subcortical structures, too little dopamine in prefrontal cortex
Genes - twin studies |
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Spectrum goes from mild (Asperger's-like) to very severely impaired; impaired social communication/interaction such as social reciprocity, nonverbal communication, relationships; restricted/repetitive behavior such as repetitive speech/behavior, insistence on sameness, restricted interests, sensory abnormalities |
Autism Spectrum Disorder |
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Pervasive, unwarranted suspiciousness and mistrust; overly sensitive; often envious (more common in males) |
Paranoid |
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Poor capacity for forming social relationships; shy, withdrawn behavior; considered "cold" (more common in males) |
Schizoid |
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Odd thinking; often suspicious and hostile |
Schizotypal |
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Excessively dramatic; seeking attention and tending to overreact; egocentric (more common in females) |
Histrionic |
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Unrealistically self-important; manipulative; lacking empathy; expects special treatment; can't take criticism (more common in males) |
Narcissistic |
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Emotionally unstable; impulsive; unpredictable; irritable; prone to boredom (more common in females) |
Borderline |
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Used to be called sociopaths or psychopaths. Violate other people's rights without guilt or remorse. Manipulative, exploitive, self-indulgent, irresponsible; can be charming; commit disproportionate number of violent crimes (more common in males) |
Antisocial |
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Excessively sensitive to potential rejection, humiliation; desires acceptance but is socially withdrawn |
Avoidant |
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Excessively lacking in self-confidence; subordinates own needs; allows others to make all decisions (more common in females) |
Dependent |
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Usually preoccupied with rules, schedules, details, extremely conventional; serious; emotionally insensitive |
Obsessive-compulsive |
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Intense, unstable in relationships; emotional instability; confusions over identity issues (life goals, career choices, friendships, relationships); more common in women |
Borderline personality disorder |
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Causes of personality disorders: Psychodynamic |
Lack of fully developed ego (borderline) or superego (antisocial) |
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Causes of personality disorders: Cognitive |
Reinforcement |
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Causes of personality disorders: Biological |
Genes
Relatives with PD are more likely to also have PD; link between fearless temperament and APD; link between people with schizotypal PD and relatives with schizophrenia (lesser version?); environment can trigger (abuse, neglect, overly strict or protective parenting, rejection) |
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Type of therapy that helps individuals understand themselves better |
Psychotherapy |
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Understanding motives |
Insight |
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Changing behaviors |
Action |
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Type of therapy that involves medications or surgery |
Biomedical therapy |
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Who developed psychoanalysis? |
Freud |
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Dream interpretation |
Latent content reveal unconsious |
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Free association |
Repressed thoughts can "break free" |
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Resistance |
Things a patient doesn't want to talk about are close to repressed material |
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Transference |
Transferring feelings towards others onto therapist |
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Modern psychoanalysis |
Psychotherapy |
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Psychodynamic therapy |
Interactive between patient and therapist (less passive listening)
Transference
Best for: Anxiety disorders Non-psychotic disorders Dissociative disorders |
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Person-centered therapy |
Therapist acts as sounding board |
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4 elements of person-centered therapy: |
Reflection Unconditional positive regard Empathy Authenticity |
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Gestalt therapy (humanistic therapy) |
Directive - therapist leads patient through planned exercises to help reveal inner self
"argue both sides", role-playing
"whole picture" of denied past, body language, feelings, current events |
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Humanistic therapy |
Like psychodynamic therapy, best for non-psychotic patients
Must be able to express yourself; no experimental evidence supports success; some case studies do |
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Behavior therapy |
Applied behavior analysis - based on classical conditioning |
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Slowly reduced fear and anxiety through exposure |
Systematic desensitization/exposure therapy |
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Pair addictive stimulus with nasty stimulus Antabuse, rapid smoking |
Aversion therapy |
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Rapid exposure to feared stimulus |
Flooding |
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Imitation of desired behavior, step by step |
Modeling |
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Token-economy; contingency contracting; extinction |
Reinforcement |
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Formal contract with rewards and punishments |
Contingency contracting |
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Works best for phobias, addictions Operant conditioning for minor behavior problems in children Must be able to control symptoms behaviorally - not good for depression, psychosis |
Behavior therapy |
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Focus on unrealistic beliefs; essentially critical thinking |
Cognitive therapy |
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Arbitrary inference |
Jumping ot conclusions |
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Selective thinking |
Leaving out relevant facts |
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Overgeneralization |
Sweeping conclusions |
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Develop critical thinking strategies |
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) |
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Challenging all or nothing statements, arguing with patients about rationality of statements |
Rational emotive behavior therapy |
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Best for depression, stress disorders, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, some symptoms of schizophrenia |
Cognitive therapy |
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Benefits to group therapies |
Lower cost Exposure to others with similar problems Social interaction Social and emotional support |
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Disadvantages to group therapies |
Some people may not speak freely Not one-on-one with therapist Not good for shy people May not work for sever psychosis |
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Psychopharmacology |
Antipsychotic drugs -Typical = block dopamine -Atypical = less severe, partially block dopamine and serotonin |
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Anti-anxiety drugs |
Benzodiazepines - sedatives |
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Anti-manic drugs |
Lithium and anticonvulsant drugs to treat mania |
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Antidepressant drugs |
MAOIs - affect all monoamines
Tricyclic antidepressants - affect serotonin and norepinephrine
SSRIs - affect serotonin |
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
Controlled seizures - bilateral (both sides) or unilateral (one side)
Depression
Can cause some memory loss |
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Psychosurgery |
Bilateral cingulotomy -sever connection between frontal lobe and limbic lob - for sever depression, OCD, bipolar disorder -very uncommon; last resort |
