Title: Alexandra Whitaker, Ms.Dayton, 12/23/16, 2.03 lab permeability Objective(s): The main purpose is to find out if plastic bags are permeable to starch and, or, iodine. Also, to find out wither potatoes are hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic by testing the different amounts of sucrose solutions Introduction: The necessary background information needed for this lab is the definition of osmosis, diffusion, active transports, passive transports, permeability, concentration, tonicity, and to now the scientific concepts of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic. Hypothesis: For part 1 my hypothesis is: That the starch will diffuse across the plastic bag and react with the iodine and will have a color change to the water to imply the reaction…
The synapses have receptors on them and the response of the drug depends on which receptor it binds to. Each receptor has its own response to a very specific drug. These responses can sometime benefit or harm the person depending on what drug binds to which receptor. 7. Present empirical evidence to support the position that the neurotransmitter is the signaling agent for…
However, it is not effective with every mental illness. This qualifies it to be a model drift. For example, a study that included four randomized trials and 528 patients compared psychoanalysis or psychodynamic therapy, medication, and other types of therapy in their treatment of schizophrenia (Malmberg, Fenton, &Rathbone, 2001). Malmberg found that patients in psychodynamic therapy tended to remain unqualified to be discharged compared to a group that only received medication. Moreover, he did not find a difference between therapy and medication compared to medication alone in terms of suicide or ability to be discharged.…
Throughout history, our understanding of neurological sciences has vastly improved alongside the examination and research of C. elegans. Through their ease of accessibility, C. elegans, have become a staple organism in discovering the mechanisms in which the nervous system promotes survival (Allen et al. 2015). The C. elegans’ structural integral is very straightforward, consisting of 302 neurons, with 60 of them being sensory neurons (Pieczynski 2016). Thanks to this simplicity, we can easily observe C. elegans’ reaction to various reactions to stimuli in order to observe changes in behavior. Furthermore, because the worms have many genes in common with humans, we can draw parallels towards the human brain and its neurological functions.…
However, because TTX is a strong toxin. If it was applied to the neuron, than there would be much fewer action potentials compared to lidocaines…
How Poison Frogs Avoid Poisoning Themselves In Abby Olena’s article “How Poison Frogs Avoid Poisoning Themselves” is an article explaining the studies and the findings of biologist that have found about poisonous frogs. Abby Olena specifically talks about an evolutionary biologist, named Rebecca Tarvin, and some of her colleagues that are researching how poisonous frogs can avoid poisoning themselves. A few points the article makes are how they become poisonous, the evolution of the amino acid sequence, and the understanding of consequences from evolving. This article begins by explaining how frogs become poisonous.…
It completely prevents action potentials from generating peripherally. It is almost always fatal because it causes muscle paralysis, including the muscles that are used breathing. Tetrodotoxin does this is by blocking sodium channels so it prevents the sodium ions from entering the cell, which in turn prevents membrane…
The evolutionary arms race is between two organisms competing to out rank and outlive one another. One example in this video of the evolutionary arms race is between humans and microbes. Humans and microbes are big ones because microbes all everywhere and they can get stronger as time goes on. Microbes get stronger by giving humans medicines they don’t not get sick but better.…
L-Biopterin is the oxidized form of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) [1]. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) has been also known as sapropterin. BH4 is an essential cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes which has used in the degradation of amino acid phenylalanine and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT), melatonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline). BH4 is a cofactor of nitric oxide synthases [2].…
Lignocaine is a widely used local anaesthetic. This drug shows inhibition of peristalsis due to its ability to block sodium ion protein channels in the nerves of the body. This prevents the initiation and rapid increase of nerve action potentials, this allows for its use as a local anaesthetic by acting on nociceptive neurons (Dale et al., 2015). This will then result in diminished amplitudes of contractions and indicates that only partial inhibition was occurring.…
This is what makes their unique defense mechanism so important to survival. Tetrodotoxin is found in the pufferfish liver, ovary, and intestine. It is currently believed that tetrodotoxin is synthesized by closely related species to the pufferfish. This is believed to include bacteria and dinoflagellates (Tyler, et al., 2007). Because of this, tetrodotoxin toxicity is believed to range in toxicity dependent upon the seasons (Tyler, et al., 2007).…
Glial Cells are supporting cells in the nervous system (central nervous system [CNS] and peripheral nervous system [PNS]) which aid in the efficiency of neural operations in the nervous system, (Carlson, 2013). Carlson (2013, p.36) indicates the general functions of the glial cells as: keeping neurons in place; supplying neurons with nutrients and the chemicals needed to communicate with each other; protecting neurons from each other to promote coherent messages; and “destroying and removing the carcasses of neurons that are killed by disease or injury.” These functions are carried out by three types of Glial cells in the central nervous system (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells); together with Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, (House & Palmer, 1996). Hence, Glial cells do not directly partake in the electrical signaling in the…
Positively charged ions are pumped through the membrane creating a slightly more negative atmosphere inside the cell then the outside. This action causes the cell membrane to be polarized. Positively charged ions are kept out and only make it back in through special membrane gate channels which can open and close and these channels are distributed along the axons and dendrites. Changes in the environment stimulate the normally closed channels on the axon to swing open and allow positive charges to rush in through the action of depolarization. This activity causes the next area of the axon to become depolarized resulting in the opening of the neighboring gate.…
Structure of Tight Junctions and their Dynamic Functions in Health and Disease Tight junction (TJ) discovery in the 1960s helped determine the nature of paracellular transport while the discovery of their constituting proteins subsequently improved understanding of TJs’ dynamic structure. Their role can be appreciated particularly in epithelial cells and when their formation is compromised; I aim to briefly explore the cause of Crohn’s disease to illustrate this. Furthermore, I will outline the key structural components of TJs which make them dynamic across different tissues using the blood-brain barrier as an example meanwhile discussing some ambiguities that require further research. TJs play vital roles in paracellular transport (movement of substances via gaps between cells) (Anderson, Van Itallie 2007).…
Mathew Issac Issac 1 Professor Batorsky WRT 101 11/30/2016 Brain Development Does the question " Why is he/she smarter than me? " brush through your mind whenever you see that someone always gets better grades than you do? Brain development is affected by certain factors that include both physiological as well as environmental. However, the influence of these factors must be equalized for maximum brain functionality. The brain is considered as many things at once by different people.…