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has suffered negative physical and psychological effects from increased immigration enforcement over the last 26 years, unauthorized immigration into the U.S. continues to take place. As stated in Why Border Enforcement Backfired, researcher’s estimates revealed that the rapid growth in immigration enforcement ultimately had no effect on the likelihood of initiating undocumented migration to the United States but did have powerful unintended consequences, pushing migrants away from relatively benign crossing locations in El Paso and San Diego into hostile territory in the Sonoran Desert and through Arizona, increasing the need to rely on paid smugglers, and substantially increasing the costs and risks of undocumented migration. (Massey Prenn,