Domestic violence also known as “intimate partner violence” (IPV), “partner violence”, “battering”, and “spouse abuse” is a “pattern of coercive control, consisting of physical, sexual, and/or psychological assaults against a former or current intimate partner” (Faramarzi, Esmailzadeh, & Mosavi, 2005, p. 225; Wingood, DiClemente, & Raj, 2000). Wingood et al. (2000) defined sexual abuse as “nonconsensual sex, including having a partner who forced women to have sex with him, who forced women to touch him sexually, who touched women sexually against their will, or who forced objects onto a woman against her will” (p. 271). Physical abuse was defined as “having been beaten, choked, kicked, pushed, slapped; or threatened with a beating, choking,
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(2000) argue that due to the seriousness of this economic, legal, and public health problem, there is still a need to be aware of the vast range of health consequences related to IPV. Barnett & LaViolette (2013) research uncovered a gender pattern of injuries that show women will most commonly suffer complex fractures, strangulation, and trauma to the face resulting in orbital blowouts and intracranial injuries than other crime victims. Findings by Wingood et al. (2000) revealed that in a lifetime 76% of women had been physically assaulted or raped by their current or former spouse, a live in male partner or a date. Wingood et al. (2000) research suggest that the health outcomes of experiencing sexual and physical abuse is different from women who only experienced physical abuse. About one half to two thirds of women experiencing sexual abuse also experienced physical abuse and had a greater occurrence of multiple STDs, used marijuana and alcohol to cope, attempted suicide, felt they had no control in their relationships, were subjected to more episodes of physical abuse, rated their abuse as severe, they were concerned about HIV, and were physically threatened when they suggested condom use (Wingood et al., 2000). The repercussions of domestic violence results in visible and invisible injuries that may consist of pain, broken bones, facial trauma, tendon or ligament injuries, neurologic problems (headaches, hearing, vision, and concentration problems), stress related symptoms (substance abuse, smoking, weight gain, and unhealthy diet), and gynecologic problems such as dysmenorrhea and irregular vaginal bleeding (Campbell & Lewandowski,
(2000) argue that due to the seriousness of this economic, legal, and public health problem, there is still a need to be aware of the vast range of health consequences related to IPV. Barnett & LaViolette (2013) research uncovered a gender pattern of injuries that show women will most commonly suffer complex fractures, strangulation, and trauma to the face resulting in orbital blowouts and intracranial injuries than other crime victims. Findings by Wingood et al. (2000) revealed that in a lifetime 76% of women had been physically assaulted or raped by their current or former spouse, a live in male partner or a date. Wingood et al. (2000) research suggest that the health outcomes of experiencing sexual and physical abuse is different from women who only experienced physical abuse. About one half to two thirds of women experiencing sexual abuse also experienced physical abuse and had a greater occurrence of multiple STDs, used marijuana and alcohol to cope, attempted suicide, felt they had no control in their relationships, were subjected to more episodes of physical abuse, rated their abuse as severe, they were concerned about HIV, and were physically threatened when they suggested condom use (Wingood et al., 2000). The repercussions of domestic violence results in visible and invisible injuries that may consist of pain, broken bones, facial trauma, tendon or ligament injuries, neurologic problems (headaches, hearing, vision, and concentration problems), stress related symptoms (substance abuse, smoking, weight gain, and unhealthy diet), and gynecologic problems such as dysmenorrhea and irregular vaginal bleeding (Campbell & Lewandowski,