The book is designed to provide a textbook that gives insight defining the differences and differing perspectives to Christian Ethics. The book also provides a comprehensive analysis three of the distinct phases of western Christianity. The book is divided into five sections, the first section pertaining to the methodological issues in Christian ethics. The second through section four focuses on the issues in social ethics. Section five pertains to the personal status.…
Most individuals generally like to think of themselves as moral human beings. They often directly link their moral judgments to reason alone. However, in the 18th century, Hume made the suggestion that moral judgments could be based on emotions rather than unadulterated reason. In his Moral Philosophy, Hume argues that moral distinctions are not derived from reason, but rather determined by moral emotions: feelings of approval, or disgust felt by spectators who contemplate a moral trait or action (Owen, 1992). Moral judgments find their foundation in an assessment of actions of people with respect to the set of merits ingrained in their society (Haidt, 2001).…
Kant’s essay ‘Perpetual Peace’ aims to provide the ideal conditions and institutions required to achieve long-term peace. Whilst Kant offers reasonable preliminary articles, they are inapplicable to the modern era of increasing military technology, economic interdependence, and human rights discourse. Kant further proposes concrete institutions, however, they are limited by: his universalistic notion that all Republics will avoid war regardless of national histories, his proposal of a federation without coercive powers and his undeveloped cosmopolitan institution in which he overlooks how national interests and his own liberal disposition affect the cosmopolitan goal for peace. Finally, whilst Kant projects history as progressing, he does not…
The following points of similarities are constructed upon their scientific and philosophical theories. For instance, Aristotle’s virtue of justice has a close similarity to Kant’s perfect duties to self and others and Aristotle’s virtues that he lists has a rough correspondence in line with Kant’s imperfect duties to self and others. Therefore, the recommended way of living life of Aristotle and Kant, is fairly similar. Furthermore, Aristotle and Kant argued the point that emotions are subjective and cannot be useful in making moral claims, which lead them both to conclude that reason and logic are the way to understand the moral world. In most cases, Aristotle and Kant viewed the morality of an individual is determined by the action and not the consequences of the action.…
The great philosophers Kant, Aristotle, and Mill, are all men of reason and rationality. However, while they share some similarities in terms of their moral laws, they share many differences as well. Kant, Aristotle, and Mill are similar in that they all use rationality from a fundamental principle to distinguish what is morally correct and incorrect, yet they are different in that they each base morality on different things. Aristotle and Kant both believed that morality is achieved by actions and not by the outcome of the action. They both believed that reason was the guide to understanding morality, not emotions.…
Immanuel Kant’s basis for “Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals” is an objective view into how and why decisions are made among rational beings for the furtherance of their and society’s wellbeing. Through his view in the 1700’s we can see how much of a scientific stance Kant took in journalizing his analyzation of his own and society’s morals. Kant lists five “formulations” that are involved in rational decision-making. Rational beings have utilized the “Categorical Imperative” to shape today’s society by way of relationships and treatises. These formulations give rational beings an expanded view of the many faces of the Categorical Imperative.…
Is Hume’s Natural History of Religion Really a Problem? In this essay I will explain how Hume’s natural history of religion isn’t so much a threat to religion as it is a valid explanation. Hume’s claims of natural explanation will be presented and assessed based on their rationality of how religion has progressed through history. From here I will analyse Hume’s argument and then proceed to consider a counter-argument against this natural history of religion involving supernatural explanations.…
In conclusion, the connection between morality and rationality in Kant’s view is dignity. A moral and rational person is one who chooses to treat others as an end within themselves. A moral person does not act so because they feel like it’s the right thing to do, thus sentiment has no value in the kingdom of ends other than that of the free will to do what is…
Kantianism is an obligation-based theory developed by Immanuel Kant. He did not believe that moral truths should be based on one’s religion or culture. He created a theory he believed would be applicable and followed universally. Kant believed that individuals should be morally obligated to do something because it based on reason and not desires. Stealing and deceiving others is wrong universally, therefore any act where one chooses not to deceive others is done so because it is morally required to do so.…
Following the publication of The Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant's controversial thesis of transcendental idealism was charged with being a revision of Berkeleyan idealism, a doctrine which proclaims that there are no external material bodies, and all that exists in the world are minds and ideas. Before the first and the second editions of the Critique, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics was released, in which Kant both clarifies points made in the Critique and responds this accusation (Heide 26 Nov). This paper will first explicate his account of transcendental idealism as found in the Critique and compare it to the reply to his critics from Prolegomena. Despite there seeming to be inconsistency between the position espoused in the…
David Hume was one of the most influential philosophers of his time and continues to be mentioned and studies to this day. Almost equally as impressive was the response that philosopher Immanuel Kant had to his Inquiry of Human Understanding. Kant attempted to respond to Hume’s ideas and in this essay, I will identify the Hume’s beliefs behind the concepts such as cause, and effect and I will later defend Kant’s response to Hume. He raises points that leave his reader with a deeper understanding of his concept and explicitly outlines his beliefs on the concepts that Hume covers in his Human Inquiry.…
Immanuel Kant was a promising modern philosopher born on April 22, 1714. He is considered to be the most influential figure in modern philosophy, with good reason. He sparked a philosophical revolution. Immanuel Kant gave his unique spin on epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics. Most of his ideas had never come up before.…
Within philosophy, there exists many ethical perspectives that seek to justify moral or good actions from immoral or bad actions. But what truly makes something ethically permissible? Similar to many topics in philosophy, this question cannot be met with a simple answer, but instead, it should be explored through the unique perspectives of a multitude of different philosophers. Because a multitude of differing yet acceptable answers exist to the question, “what is the ethical or moral choice in this situation?” philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and J.S. Mill have taken the forefront with radically different yet illuminating ideals on the ethical permissibility of our actions.…
David Hume and Immanuel Kant are both known for their great contributions to moral philosophy. Hume who is mainly known for his empiricism, skepticism and naturalism and Kant who is best recognized for his great work in metaphysics, ethics and also for his contributions in others disciplines in the area of philosophy. Although they were both exceptional philosophers and gave stupendous apports, Hume and Kant agreed nor differed in various aspect and ideas. Hume believed and is mostly based on his empiricism which involves the theory of the mind. Hume’s empiricism consist in to affirm that the moral foundation is not in the reason but in the senses.…
In accordance with Immanuel Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, I will argue that ethical actions should be judged by good will alone. By comparing the theories of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, I will conclude that Kant’s theories are more realistic in regards to the nature of humans. Immanuel Kant argues that one’s good intentions should be the deciding factor in judging their actions no matter the outcome. What is beneficial about this is that it allows for the expression of the intrinsic values of a person. Since every person has different virtues and opinions, they can act in any way they choose.…