There has been different research that proposed to explain how working memory capacity and different processing strategies enhance or interfere with memory performance. Although the literature cover different research, this review will focus in encoding and retrieval process of information, and the importance of working memory capacity. There is an important relation between individual differences in Working Memory Capacity (WMC) and retrieving information from long-term memory (LTM). In this literature review research suggested that encoding and retrieval of information depends heavily on the type of strategy being use by individuals. There are different types of processing strategies. However, this paper will exclusively focus on shallow
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Proactive interference (PI) refers to the tendency that previously learned materials interfere with recently learned materials. The discrimination theory suggest that PI is cause by failure to distinguish items from the most recent target list from items that appeared on the earlier nontarget list. During recall of the most recent target list, individuals may not be able to focus their memory search on target list, instead the individuals include items from non-target list into their mental search (Kliegl, et al., 2015, p.1778). In Kliegl et al., (2015) study, the results for retrieval factors suggest that PI effects in recall totals and response latencies were uncorrelated meaning that recall totals and response latencies can be functionally independent. The electrophysiological activities during list encoding indicates that not only retrieval, but also encoding can potentially contribute to buildup of PI. Furthermore, the electrophysiological activities in the theta and alpha bands were found to be increased from nontarget lists to target lists encoding (Kliegl, et al., 2015, p.1786). This result is consistent with the results of previous studies, which suggested alpha activity increases from nontarget to target list encoding (Pastötter, Schicker, Niedernhuber, & Bäuml, 2011). This studied reported that during encoding of 5-item lists, a reliable increase in alpha activity from encoding of List 1 to encoding of List 5 arose, and such increase was negatively correlated with recall of List-5 items (Pastötter, et al., 2011). While Kliegl, et al., (2015) study showed that the effect in alpha activity may not be PI-related, and increased alpha activity also rises after conducting tasks unlikely to induce PI. The study also found that low- WMC individuals showed a more pronounced increased in theta power across lists than high-WMC individuals (Kliegl, et al., 2015,
Proactive interference (PI) refers to the tendency that previously learned materials interfere with recently learned materials. The discrimination theory suggest that PI is cause by failure to distinguish items from the most recent target list from items that appeared on the earlier nontarget list. During recall of the most recent target list, individuals may not be able to focus their memory search on target list, instead the individuals include items from non-target list into their mental search (Kliegl, et al., 2015, p.1778). In Kliegl et al., (2015) study, the results for retrieval factors suggest that PI effects in recall totals and response latencies were uncorrelated meaning that recall totals and response latencies can be functionally independent. The electrophysiological activities during list encoding indicates that not only retrieval, but also encoding can potentially contribute to buildup of PI. Furthermore, the electrophysiological activities in the theta and alpha bands were found to be increased from nontarget lists to target lists encoding (Kliegl, et al., 2015, p.1786). This result is consistent with the results of previous studies, which suggested alpha activity increases from nontarget to target list encoding (Pastötter, Schicker, Niedernhuber, & Bäuml, 2011). This studied reported that during encoding of 5-item lists, a reliable increase in alpha activity from encoding of List 1 to encoding of List 5 arose, and such increase was negatively correlated with recall of List-5 items (Pastötter, et al., 2011). While Kliegl, et al., (2015) study showed that the effect in alpha activity may not be PI-related, and increased alpha activity also rises after conducting tasks unlikely to induce PI. The study also found that low- WMC individuals showed a more pronounced increased in theta power across lists than high-WMC individuals (Kliegl, et al., 2015,