Gender refers to social conceptions of what it is to be masculine and what it is to be feminine (Franklin as cited in Eisler and Blalock, 1991). There is a perception that the socially constructed role of men and women makes them vulnerable to certain kinds of behavioral issues may be caused by sociocultural factors (Eisler and Blalock, 1991). The traditional definition of masculinity refers to the hegemonic culture's view on the masculine behavior of men ( Brannon as cited in Edwards and Jones, 2009). Men who do not fit the normative view of masculinity are undervalued and viewed as less powerful. Because of this, men strive to gain power by following this traditional behavior. According to Pleck (as cited in Beaglaoich, Cormac, Kiran Sarma,
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According to O'Neil (as cited in Beaglaoich, Cormac, Kiran Sarma, and Morrison, 2015) Gender role dysfunction contains the most theoretical relevance to GRC because it entails unfavorable consequences due to rigid gender role norms. Male with high GRC are more likely to suffer in alcohol abuse (Blazina & Walkins as cited in Sellers, 2011) and suicidal risk (Borthick as cited in Sellers, 2011). Other findings stated that men with high levels of GRC have increased sexual aggression (Kaplan, O'Neil & Owen as cited in Sellers 2011), more sexual harassment tolerance (Glomb & Espelage, 2005; Jacobs, 1996; Kearney, King, & Rochlen as cited in Sellers, 2011) and are more likely to become violent with women (O'Neil & Nadeau as cited in Sellers, 2011).. Masculine ideology allows the individual to adopt these cultural practices of masculinity. (Good et al. 1994). In the western culture, the connotation of masculinity emphasizes acquisition of characteristics such as stoicism, independence, physical toughness, dominance, restrictive emotionality, competition, and antifemininity (Brannon et. al as cited in Beaglaoich, Cormac, Kiran Sarma, and Morrison, 2015). Characteristics of men with GRC involve following this masculine ideologies rigidly despite the negative consequences it can produce
According to O'Neil (as cited in Beaglaoich, Cormac, Kiran Sarma, and Morrison, 2015) Gender role dysfunction contains the most theoretical relevance to GRC because it entails unfavorable consequences due to rigid gender role norms. Male with high GRC are more likely to suffer in alcohol abuse (Blazina & Walkins as cited in Sellers, 2011) and suicidal risk (Borthick as cited in Sellers, 2011). Other findings stated that men with high levels of GRC have increased sexual aggression (Kaplan, O'Neil & Owen as cited in Sellers 2011), more sexual harassment tolerance (Glomb & Espelage, 2005; Jacobs, 1996; Kearney, King, & Rochlen as cited in Sellers, 2011) and are more likely to become violent with women (O'Neil & Nadeau as cited in Sellers, 2011).. Masculine ideology allows the individual to adopt these cultural practices of masculinity. (Good et al. 1994). In the western culture, the connotation of masculinity emphasizes acquisition of characteristics such as stoicism, independence, physical toughness, dominance, restrictive emotionality, competition, and antifemininity (Brannon et. al as cited in Beaglaoich, Cormac, Kiran Sarma, and Morrison, 2015). Characteristics of men with GRC involve following this masculine ideologies rigidly despite the negative consequences it can produce