In From Ellis Island to JFK and The Construction of Race, and both the 1880-1920 and 1965-present waves of immigration to New York City, Nancy Foner argues that immigrants have experienced mixed receptions from so-called native-born Americans and earlier generations of immigrants already settled in the city. She argues that the newest immigrant arrivals, although receiving different labels from so-called native New Yorkers, have withstood both negative and positive stereotyping throughout both waves. Often, New Yorkers descended from earlier Anglo-Saxon immigrants labeled new Irish, German, Southern and Eastern European, immigrants who arrived in the city between 1880 and 1920 as physically unattractive, inferior and untrustworthy. Today, many