The purpose of this lab report is to discuss experiments performed in order to study the ctrA gene. It was hypothesized that ctrA will be present in the four bacterial species studied, which are Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1, Rhodobacter sphaeroides 17029, Escherichia coli DH5훂, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris BisB5. It was also hypothesized that ctrA is more conserved in closely related species and less conserved in not closely related species. The last hypothesis for this study is that the promoter regions of ctrA is more conserved in closely related species and less conserved in not closely related species. All sequenced genomes of alpha proteobacteria contain ctrA genes.…
Sequence one’s protein was found to be apolipoprotein E. This protein is known as the APOE gene. The protein forms molecules called lipoproteins by combining fats in the body. Lipoproteins have the responsibility to package cholesterol and other fats, and send them through the bloodstream. To prevent disorders with this protein, it is important to maintain the right level of cholesterol, so that it does not affect the heart and blood vessels that could causes a heart attack, stroke, or a cardiovascular disease.…
Sensory memory registers a large capacity of environmental information while short-term memory has a limited capacity of retrieving information. Short- term memory has new…
A. Exploring the Unconscious i. Freud used free association, in which he told the patient to relax and say whatever came to mind. ii. Called his treatment techniques psychoanalysis iii. Beneath our awareness is the larger unconscious mind with its thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. 1.…
Liu et al. (2016) assert that calpain-1 and calpain-2 play different and opposing roles in memory and learning. Hence calpain-1 activity is needed for various types of memory and learning, while calpain-2 is associated with limiting the extent of learning. The opposite functions of calpain-1 and calpain-2 are associated with their opposite functions in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). It strengthens the relationships between learning/memory and LTP.…
Any accurate account of memory should to take into account contemporary neuroscience and attempt to explain the correlation between memory’s phenomenal and physical…
The growth of the synaptic allows memory to persist for days, months, years. He learned that consolidation is the process where our brains convert short-term memories into long-term ones, which is apart of recalling…
The brain is composed of many sections, the Hippocampus being one of those sections. The Hippocampus is responsible for memory. It has been scientifically proven that the Hippocampus continues to generate new neurons, even in adulthood. While other systems do not create new neurons, it is critical that the Hippocampus does. Since the Hippocampus is responsible for processing memories, it needs to generate new neurons so that new memories can be formed.…
Long-term memories are first stored in the hippocampus, and then gradually transferred to other parts of the brain so the hippocampus is no longer needed to retain and access of them. Retrograde amnesia also affects memories made close to the time of injury, but usually does not impact older memories, which have already been consolidated. Through the Explicit memory (declarative memory) there is a conscious flow of memories that get encoded by the hippocampus. The precise location the effect of Retrograde Amnesia in long-term memory is unknown, but it is suggested that it takes place in the frontal cortex.…
In anterograde amnesia, the formation of new memories is impaired, while in retrograde amnesia, the retrieval of previously formed memories is impaired. Research shows that anterograde amnesia results from a failure of memory encoding and storage. New information is processed normally, but almost immediately forgotten, never making it into the regions of the brain where long-term memories are stored. More specifically, in normal use, neurons in the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus make connections with the thalamus, which in turn makes connections with the cortex of the brain, where long-term memories are stored. Anterograde amnesia can therefore result from damage to the hypothalamus and thalamus and the surrounding cortical structures, so that encoded memories are never stored since connections between hippocampus and cortex are…
Upon plasticity-inducing synaptic inputs, Ca2+ entry through NMDA-type receptors (NMDARs) plays a critical role in onset of LTP, leading AMPA receptor (AMPAR) recruitment to the potentiated postsynaptic sites (Collingridge et al., 1983;Kessels and Malinow, 2009). Furthermore, the NMDAR-Ca2+ influx also plays an important role in stabilization of LTP through activation of intracellular signaling cascades from synapses to the nucleus, which in turn activate new mRNA and protein synthesis (Kandel, 2001). Blocking these steps by NMDAR antagonists (e.g. APV) or protein synthesis inhibitors (e.g. anisomycin) results in failure of establishing persistent LTP and also impairment in formation of long-term memory (Gold, 2008;Redondo and Morris, 2011). Thus, the genes induced during LTP are thought to, at least in part, encode plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) that are required for LTP maintenance and memory formation. If so, what are identities of genes encoding those PRPs?…
The hippocampal region of the brain is involved in declarative memories by being the fixed point where information from all senses and cortices of the brain merge to form a memory. All information that enters the brain does not stick in our brain, generally, only information that is salient to us will stay with us through rehearsal. Considering non-declarative memories, the hippocampus is bypassed as non-declarative memories are not based on factual information, rather procedural information. This is proven by asking a patient with anterograde amnesia to learn and perform a task to proficiency. The patient may complete the task at a later time with no memory of learning how to complete said task.…
According to the American Psychology Association memory is defined as the mental capacity to encode, store as well as retrieve information. A special type of memory that records daily events and contains memory that relate to personal experience is known as autobiographical memory. Autobiographical memory has been proposed to have three main functions, which include directive, social and self-functioning (Williams et al. 2008). The directive function of the memory serves to use past events to guild present as well as future behaviour.…
Memory plays an important role in people’s everyday lives. It allows people with tasks such as going to the shop and remembering everything they need to buy, or where and when they’ve to be somewhere for a meeting. Memory can be explained by using two psychological approaches: Biological and Cognitive.…
Television series and movies like Walking Dead, iZombie, Night of the Living Dead, and Dawn of the Dead, all have one thing in common, zombies. The zombies depicted in movies and shows like these all have the same attributes. They all lack language, have no remorse for killing, they lack the feeling of pain, lumber around, A physical attribute of a typical zombie lacks the use of language but do not lack voice, instead they groan. This leads me to believe that the Broca’s area is damaged.…