Breast Cancer Biomarker Analysis

Improved Essays
Show More
A biomarker is defined as a molecule that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological process, pathogenic process, or pharmacological responses to therapeutic intervention (Biomarkers Definitions Working, 2001). Although great efforts have been made in the last decade to discover novel cancer biomarkers for use in clinical practice, a striking number of these efforts fail to make it into the clinic (Fuzery, Levin, Chan, & Chan, 2013). One of the causes of this failure of translation could be the limited knowledge that scientists working in biomarker discovery have in analytical, diagnostic and regulatory requirements for clinical assays (Fuzery et al., 2013). Over the last few decades a number of key FDA approved …show more content…
The earliest FDA approved biomarkers for IHC application were assays to detect the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER-2/neu (c-erbB-2). The presence of these biomarkers in breast cancer tissue serves as a diagnostic, prognostic and predictive method to assist pathologists in identifying breast cancer subtypes and determine whether patients are suitable candidates to receive certain targeted therapies such as Tamoxifen (ER positive patients) or Trastuzumab (HER-2 positive patients). The IHC biomarker c-kit (CD117), which is used in the clinic to detect gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) (Debiec-Rychter et al., 2004), and p63, which is used to detect the presence of basal cells indicative of normal prostate glands (R. B. Shah, Zhou, LeBlanc, Snyder, & Rubin, 2002; Weinstein, Signoretti, & Loda, 2002), are the latest FDA approved single marker IHC-based assays which were approved almost a decade ago in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Since then no other individual biomarker developed for detection in an IHC assay has been FDA …show more content…
As a result, panel biomarker assays are becoming more relevant. Two emerging IHC panel-based assays are Mammostrat by Clarient InsightDx and IHC4 by Genoptix Medical Laboratory. Mammostrat is an IHC-based panel assay that can estimate risk of recurrence in hormone receptor-positive, early stage breast cancer patients which is independent of proliferation and grade. This assay quantifies p53, HTF9C, CEACAM5, NDRG1 and SLC7A5 by a defined mathematical algorithm resulting in a risk index (Bartlett et al., 2012; Bartlett et al., 2010). Similarly, IHC4 is another emerging assay which estimates recurrence risk for early stage breast cancer patients by quantifying IHC measurement of ER, PR, HER2 and Ki-67 using Aqua technology (Cuzick et al.,

Related Documents

  • Improved Essays

    Breast Cancer Research Paper
    • 594 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Breast Cancer Research Paper

    Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that starts and spreads from breast. Signs of breast cancer include feeling a lump in the breast, a change in the breast's shape, the dimpling of the skin, or fluid coming from the nipple, and in the more serious cases there would be shortness of breath, bone pain, yellow skin, and swollen lymph nodes. The most common factors that cause breast cancer are: Obesity, drinking alcohol, early age at first menstruation, lack of physical activity, and having children late or not at all. Also up to 10 percent of cases are due to genes inherited from person's parents. Breast cancer develops in cell from the lining of milk ducts.…

    • 594 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Superior Essays

    Dorothy Hamill Research Paper
    • 1169 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Dorothy Hamill Research Paper

    About two out of every three breast cancers diagnosed are ER+, according to the American Cancer Society, with most cases being receptive to both estrogen and progesterone.…

    • 1169 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Superior Essays
    Read More
  • Great Essays

    Dana Farber Cancer Case Study
    • 1110 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Dana Farber Cancer Case Study

    The Center for Nanotechnology in Cancer (CNTC) at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, MA is forced to assess its organization situation in 2010. According to the case study, written by Heidi K. Gardner, Edo Bedzra, and Shereef M. Elnahal titled Ganging Up on Cancer: Integrative Research Centers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (A): The mission of the CNTC is to transform cancer therapy by enabling the early detection of cancer using nanoparticles and molecular imaging, as well as by developing new treatments with tumor- targeting technology. Specifically, the major activities of the center will focus on identifying unique biomarkers that could be targeted with nanoparticles themselves or antibody-labeled nanoparticles, and captured with…

    • 1110 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Great Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Hr2 And Neu Research Paper
    • 584 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Hr2 And Neu Research Paper

    Her-2/neu Test HER2/neu is a protein found on the surface of all breast cells. HER2/neu plays a role in normal cell growth. It also is found on the surface of some breast cancer cells. This means the tumor is HER2/neu-positive. A breast cancer cell that has a high level of HER2/neu can make breast cancer more likely to grow and spread.…

    • 584 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Brca1 And Brca2 Genetic Testing, Should Everyone Do It?
    • 3159 Words
    • 13 Pages

    Brca1 And Brca2 Genetic Testing, Should Everyone Do It?

    In September 2015, a research from UCLA was published that indicated some debate over whether or not testing BRCA genes is worth the cost.4 This paper will be reviewing the evidence from Dr. Ganz et al. about the breast cancer testing. In addition, this paper contains some other research related to the topic, including my own research and perception. Introduction Cancer happens when the cells in the body grow…

    • 3159 Words
    • 13 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Sharon Begley's The Trials Of Silicone Implants
    • 1143 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Sharon Begley's The Trials Of Silicone Implants

    Breast augmentation may interfere with mammography interpretation notifies that implants make reading a mammography difficult due to the implants lowering the sensitivity for screening. The interference makes reading the test more difficult resulting in a higher amount of false negatives. The false test results can lead to women finding out they have cancer only once it is at a deadly stage. The dilemma with this is that “breast augmentation (implants) is the third most common type of plastic surgery performed for cosmetic reasons in the United States, with 268,888 procedures performed in 2002”(1). This popularity causes more women to have a greater chance of being falsely diagnosed leading to more deaths in the female population.…

    • 1143 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    The Importance Of Liquid Biopsies In Tumor Development
    • 806 Words
    • 4 Pages

    The Importance Of Liquid Biopsies In Tumor Development

    On September 9, 2015 the 16th World Conference on Lung Cancer, Vince O’Neill, M.D., Chief Medical Officer stated that, “Our non-invasive liquid biopsy test for non-small cell lung cancer offer physicians and their patients a number of critical advantages to help ensure maximum detection sensitivity.” The development of non-invasive methods to detect and monitor tumours continues to be a major challenge in oncology. Further, tissue biopsies can fail to contain adequate tumor tissue for biomarker analyses. In these instances, it is believed that a blood-based liquid biopsy, can provide accurate biomarker information to better guide therapy.…

    • 806 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Great Essays

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Screening For Breast Cancer Research
    • 1472 Words
    • 6 Pages

    Clinical Practice Guideline: Screening For Breast Cancer Research

    The scope and purpose of the document is for providers in family, internal, or preventative medicine, as well as nursing, obstetrics and gynecology, oncology, and radiology who treat breast cancer. This CPG seeks to answer ten key questions. Some of the questions are about the effectiveness of mammography in relation to reducing breast cancer-specific mortality and prevention of advanced breast cancer by age groups. The authors of the CPG also seek to understand the differences in performance with newer breast screening technologies, issues surrounding dense breast screenings, and harms of current routine screening methods.…

    • 1472 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Great Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    A Modest Proposal
    • 1341 Words
    • 6 Pages

    A Modest Proposal

    State of the Problem In its variety of forms, cancer is estimated to affect more than 14 million people per year, and is the cause the death of more than 8 million (National Cancer Institute). Despite millions of dollars of research in the field, and a concentrated effort by researchers around the globe, a panacea for cancer doesn’t exist, although much headway has been made in earlier detection and better treatment methods. Much of the difficulty in treating the disease lies in its diversity; cancer is as varied as it is deadly.…

    • 1341 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Ductal Carcinoma Research Papers
    • 861 Words
    • 4 Pages

    Ductal Carcinoma Research Papers

    Ductal Carcinoma Cancer Cancer has been around for a longtime but breast cancer has become more prevalent in the past ten years. Although breast cancer is a more common factor for women, men can also have breast cancer. There are different types of breast cancer however; Ductal Carcinoma Cancer is the most common type of noninvasive breast cancer women experience. The American Cancer Society (ACS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC), are two of the most knowledgeable resources one can find accurate data information concerning breast cancer. In recent years The American Cancer society (ACS) and The National Comprehensive Cancer Network, (NCCN), became partners providing the world with statistics, and pertinent information…

    • 861 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Case Study
    • 1061 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Case Study

    Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is a type of cancer of the breast. IDC starts in the milk ducts of the breast, breaks through the walls of the duct, and begins to invade and grow into the fatty tissue of the breast. Since this is an invasive cancer, it is then able to spread to other organs in the body, such as the lymphatic system. IDC is the most common form of breast cancer, accounting for 70-80% of all breast cancer diagnoses. A key component in diagnosing IDC is yearly screening mammograms starting at the age of 40, since this is around the peak age, which for breast cancer is between 50-60 years old.…

    • 1061 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Great Essays

    BRCA2 Genetic Testing
    • 2601 Words
    • 11 Pages

    BRCA2 Genetic Testing

    HMGCS1, WDR48, CTH, HMGCR are 4 different genes which had the most differential expression between non-BRCA breast cancer patients and normal people. Conclusion In order to have a universal screen genetic testing, we should think realistically, consider all the positive point and negative points. As we stated from other studies it does not seem to be cost efficient to take a universal genetic screen testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2.…

    • 2601 Words
    • 11 Pages
    Great Essays
    Read More
  • Improved Essays

    Breast Cancer Survey Paper
    • 485 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Breast Cancer Survey Paper

    Of the 10 participants, none of them have a medical history of breast cancer, 8 out of 10 has no genetic mutation and 2 participants have an unknown genetic mutation. It seems like based on these results, the patient’s own medical history of breast cancer and genetic mutation does not generate a significant contribution to the accuracy of this tool. It is noteworthy to mention, that the participants with the higher number of relative who has had breast cancer yielded a high number of developing breast cancer in 5 years (2.2%). According to Bevers et al. , (2010) the first step in the primary assessment is a comprehensive examination and evaluation of personal and family background of the patients.…

    • 485 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Improved Essays
    Read More
  • Brilliant Essays

    Breast Cancer: Annotated Bibliography
    • 662 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Breast Cancer: Annotated Bibliography

    References Cancer Research UK, (2015). Breast cancer incidence statistics. [online] Available at: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer- type/breast-cancer/incidence-invasive#ref-0 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2014]. Chakraborti, C. (2011).…

    • 662 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Brilliant Essays
    Read More
  • Great Essays

    Microarray Case Study
    • 1557 Words
    • 6 Pages

    Microarray Case Study

    GENE REGULATION There are several different levels at which a gene’s function can be controlled: at the level of chromatin, transcription, RNA-processing, translation, and even post- translationally. There are evolutionarily relevant reasons that might explain the levels at which different genes are controlled. (3 points each) For each of the following scenarios, indicate which level of gene control you might expect a cell to use and a brief statement of why this type of control makes the most sense (no more than 25 words per scenario).…

    • 1557 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Great Essays
    Read More

Related Topics

Ready To Get Started?
Discover
Company
Follow
©2024 Cram.com
Privacy Policy |  About Ads |  Site Map |  Advertise  | 
  • Cookie Settings