Urinary System Workbook Ohb

Front 1

processes of urine formation

Back 1

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Front 2

What are the most important nitrogenous wastes found in the blood?

Back 2

urea, uric acid, creatinine

Front 3

urea

Back 3

formed by the liver as an end product of protein breakdown when amino acids are used to produce energy

Front 4

uric acid

Back 4

released when nucleic acids are metabolized

Front 5

creatinine

Back 5

metabolism in muscle tissue

Front 6

Glomerular filtration

Back 6

nonselective, passive process in which fluid passes from the blood into the glomerular capsule part of the renal tube

Front 7

filtrate

Back 7

fluid in the capsule part of filtration

Front 8

tubular reabsorption

Back 8

begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule.

Front 9

tubule cells

Back 9

"transporters"

taking up needed substances from the filtrate and then passing them out their posterior aspect into the extracellular space

Front 10

tubular secretion

Back 10

essentially tubular reabsorption in reverse

Front 11

What is the kidney's role in fluid and electrolyte balance?

Back 11

volume and composition of bodily fluids

Front 12

aldosterone

Back 12

hormone that helps to regulate blood composition and blood volume by acting on the kidney

Front 13

Major factor regulating _______ ion content of the ECF and in the process helps regulate the concentration of other ions __+ and ____+ as well.

Back 13

sodium, K, Mg2

Front 14

antidiuretic hormone

Back 14

Released when nerve impulses are sent to the posterior pituitary. This hormone prevents excessive water loss in the urine.

Front 15

ADH

Back 15

antidiuretic hormone

Front 16

_____ travels in the blood to its main target, the kidney's collecting ducts, where it causes the duct cells to reabsorb more water.

Back 16

ADH

Front 17

renin-angiotensin mechanism

Back 17

Most important trigger for aldosterone release, mediated by the juxtaglomerular apparatus, consists of a complex of modified smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole plus modified epithelial cells forming part of the distal convoluted tubule.

Front 18

Some things that might alter the color or urine.

Back 18

food, medication, stomach acidity, water intake

Front 19

specific gravity

Back 19

term used to compare how much heavier urine is than distilled water

Front 20

The specific gravity of pure water is __.__.

Back 20

1.0

Front 21

The specific gravity of urine usually ranges from __.__ - __.__.

Back 21

1.001 - 1.035

Front 22

Solutes normally present in urine.

Back 22

sodium and potassium ions, urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, bicarbonate ions

Front 23

Glycosuria indicates abnormal levels of ________ in the urine.

Back 23

glucose

Front 24

Possible causes of Nonpathological Glycosuria

Back 24

excessive intake of sugary foods

Front 25

Possible causes of Pathological Glycosuria

Back 25

diabetes mellitus

Front 26

Proteinuria indicates abnormal levels of ________ in the urine.

Back 26

proteins

Front 27

Possible causes of Nonpathological Proteinuria

Back 27

physical exertion, pregnancy

Front 28

Possible causes of Pathological Proteinuria

Back 28

Glomerulonephritis, hypertension

Front 29

Pyuria indicates abnormal levels of ________ in the urine.

Back 29

Pus (WBCs and bacteria)

Front 30

Possible causes of Pyuria

Back 30

Urinary tract infection

Front 31

Hematuria indicates abnormal levels of ________ in the urine.

Back 31

RBCs

Front 32

Possible causes of Hematuria

Back 32

bleeding in the urinary tract (due to trauma, kidney stones, infection)

Front 33

Hemoglobinuria indicates abnormal levels of ________ in the urine.

Back 33

Hemoglobin

Front 34

Possible causes of Hemoglobin

Back 34

various: transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia

Front 35

Bilirubinuria indicates abnormal levels of ________ in the urine.

Back 35

Bile pigment

Front 36

Possible causes of Bilirubinuria

Back 36

liver disease (hepatitis)

Front 37

renal calculi

Back 37

When urine becomes extremely concentrated, solutes such as uric acid salts form crystals that precipitate in the renal pelvis.

Front 38

>____ml is the maximum volume of urine a bladder can hold.

Back 38

1000

Front 39

The female urethra is about ____inches long.

Back 39

1 1/2

Front 40

What is the disadvantage of a short urethra?

Back 40

easy for bacteria to get to

Front 41

hypospadias

Back 41

found in male babies only, occurs when urethral orifice is located on the ventral surface of the penis

Front 42

What is the average adult daily urine output? (L)

Back 42

1.0-1.8

Front 43

Babies and toddlers don't have control over their micturition because they have not yet gained control over their ___________ ____________.

Back 43

voluntary sphincter

Front 44

Significant dilation of the ______ calyces, _________ and __________ is one of the structural changes found in the urinary system of a pregnant woman's body.

Back 44

renal, pelvis, ureters

Front 45

During pregnancy, a woman's ureters _________ and become more tortuous.

Back 45

elongate

Front 46

The ureters may contain as much as _____ mL of urine by the third trimester.

Back 46

300

Front 47

As pregnancy progresses, the ________ are compressed at the ________ brim by the _______ arteries, enlarging _______ vein complexes, and the growing _______, leading to further marked dilation and urinary _______.

Back 47

ureters, pelvic, iliac, ovarian, uterus, stasis

Front 48

A primipara's abdominal wall can be firmer than a woman with previous pregnancies which may increase the __________ and ________ on the ureters.

Back 48

resistance, pressure

Front 49

In most women, the _________ ureter is dilated to a greater extent than the ________.

Back 49

right, left

Front 50

Because of the effects of progresterone on smooth muscle, bladder tone __________.

Back 50

decreases

Front 51

The bladder mucosa becomes _________ with increased size and tortuosity of the blood vessels.

Back 51

hyperemic

Front 52

The mucosa becomes more edematous and vulnerable to _________ or _________ after engagement of the presenting part.

Back 52

trauma, infection

Front 53

The baseline intravesical pressure _______ due to the enlarged uterus.

Back 53

double

Front 54

How does urine output change in pregnancy?

Back 54

increases

Front 55

The bladder tone decreases as a result of the effects of progesterone on smooth muscle.

What are the effects of this?

Back 55

increased risk of UTIs, urinary frequency and incontinence, alteration in accuracy of 24hr urine collections

Front 56

Urine output increases from a mean of ______ to _____mL per 24 hours primarily because of changes in sodium excretion.

Back 56

1475, 1919

Front 57

Water and other substances appear in the urine in ________ quantities than were originally filtered due to reabsorption in the tubules.

Back 57

smaller

Front 58

Extracellular and intravascular volumes ______ during pregnancy.

Back 58

expand

Front 59

The accumulation of _________ in pregnancy is accompanied by accumulation of water.

Back 59

sodium

Front 60

Anatomic development of the ______ begins early in gestation of the fetus.

Back 60

kidneys

Front 61

Formation of the adult number of nephrons in a fetus by around ___ to ___ weeks.

Back 61

34, 36

Front 62

Urine formation in the fetus begins by ___ to ___ wks.

Back 62

9, 10

Front 63

Renal function does not reach levels comparable to adults until about ___ years of age.

Back 63

2

Front 64

The kidneys arise from a ridge of _______ tissue that runs along the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity on either side of the primitive aorta.

Back 64

mesodermal

Front 65

The pronephros arises in the cervical region in the ______ week.

Back 65

third

Front 66

The pronephric ducts are incorporated into the __________ kidneys.

Back 66

mesonephric

Front 67

The mesonephros appears late in the _____ week forming forming a large, ovoid organ on either side of midline next to the developing gonads in the ________ and ________ regions.

Back 67

fourth, thoracic, lumbar

Front 68

The mesonephric ducts persists in the ______ as the wolffian duct and gives rise to the genital ducts.

Back 68

male

Front 69

The rest of the mesonephros regresses by ___ to ____ weeks as the metanephros begins to function.

Back 69

8, 10

Front 70

The permanent kidneys arise during the ______ week from the ureteric bud at the caudal end of the mesonephric duct.

Back 70

fifth

Front 71

Formation of the permanent kidney involves ____ separate, interrelated processes.

Back 71

two

Front 72

The _____ bud grows out into the surrounding mesoderm, dilates and branches to form the urters, renal pelvis and collecting ducts.

Back 72

ureteric

Front 73

The first 9 branch generations by _____ weeks' gestational age and the remainder by 20 to 22 weeks.

Back 73

15

Front 74

The growth of the ureteric bud into the surrounding mesoderm induces formation of small vesicles that elongate to form primitive _______ _________.

Back 74

renal tubules

Front 75

The proximal ends of the renal tubules form the _______ _______.

Back 75

Bowman capsule

Front 76

The ________ end comes into contact with the blind ends of the collecting ducts and fuses.

Back 76

distal

Front 77

Nephron formation begins at about ___ weeks in the juxtamedullary area and progresses toward the cortex.

Back 77

8

Front 78

By ____ to ____ weeks, branching of the collecting ducts is complete and one third of the nephrons have been formed.

Back 78

20, 22

Front 79

Nephrons continue to develop until ____ to ____ weeks, when adult numbers of nephrons are reached.

Back 79

34, 35

Front 80

Initially the kidneys are in the ____ area.

Back 80

pelvic