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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of the lymphatic system |
-returns leaked plasma to blood vessels after cleansing it of bacterai etc. -provides sites for surveillance by immune system cells -hinder pathogen entry -prevent the spread of disease-causing microorganisms -strengthen immune response |
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What is the function of the lymphatic vessels? |
Form an elaborate drainage system that picks up this excess lymph and return it to the blood |
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excess tissue fluid, "clear water" |
lymph |
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Lymphatics form a one-way system to the _____ |
heart |
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lymph _________ weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries in loose connective tissues of body and absorb leaked fluid |
capillaries |
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When fluid pressure rises in interstitial space fluid enters lymphatic capillary via _____. |
1-way flaps |
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What are the functions of lymph nodes? |
-help protect body by removing foreign material from lymphatic stream -produces lymphocytes that function in immune response |
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What are the regions where there is a large concentration of lymph nodes? |
-inguinal -axillary -cervical |
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What is the function of the spleen? |
-filters blood -stores platelets -blood reservoir* -provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
*during hemorrhage spleen and liver empty contents to help |
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What is the function of the thymus? |
-produces hormones (thymosin) |
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What is the function of the tonsils? |
-trap and remove any bacteria/foreign pathogens entering the throat |
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What is the body's first line of defense? |
(innate) skin/mucous membranes/secretions of skin and mucous membranes |
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What is the body's second line of defense? |
(innate) phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response |
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What is the body's third line of defense? |
(adaptive) lymphocytes/antibodies/macrophages/other anti-presenting cells |
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non-specific defenses (innate defense system) |
mechanical barriers that cover body surfaces and to the cells and chemicals that act on initial battlefronts to protect body from invading pathogens |
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types of non-specific defenses |
-acid pH of skin secretions (3-5) ex-vaginal, urine, sebum -stomach mucosa secrete hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes = kill pathogens -lysozyme kills bacteria in saliva and lacrimal fluid -sticky muccus traps many organisms that enter digestive and respiratory tracts |
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natural killer cells (NK cells) |
"pit bulls of defense system" -nonphagocytic -attack cells membrane and release perforins which cause the membrane and nucleus to disintegrate -release powerful inflammatory chemicals -can kill certain cells before adaptive arm of immune system enlisted |
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inflammatory response |
nonspecific response triggered whenever body tissues are injured |
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How is fever an immune response? |
-response to pyrogens released by WBC and macrophages exposed to foreign cells/substances -liver and spleen hoard iron which bacteria needs -higher metabolic rate of tissue cells = faster repair process |
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What is an antigen (Ag)? |
Any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response. |
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What are the two types of lymphocytes and how does each function? |
-B lymphocytes (B cells) -T lymphocytes (T cells) |
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B lymphocytes |
produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity |
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T lymphocytes |
non-antibody producing lymphocytes that constitute cell-mediated arm of adaptive defense system |
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What is B lymphocyte sensitization? |
Immature B lymphocyte is stimulated to complete its development - undergoes "clonal selection" - begins to grow - multiplies rapidly to form an array of like cells (same antigen-specific receptors) |
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naturally acquired active immunity |
naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infection, during which we may develop signs |
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naturally acquired passive immunity |
to fetus when Mother's antibodies cross palcenta and enter fetal circulation and during breastfeeding |
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artificially acquired active immunity |
vaccines |
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artificially acquired passive immunity |
immune serum or gamma globulin |
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antibodies (Igs - Immunoglobins) |
gamma globulin in part of blood proteins; soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by plasma-cell offspring in response to antigen, capable of binding specifically with taht antigen |
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IgD |
increases in pregnancy until term |
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IgM |
remains stable or may decrease slightly during pregnancy |
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IgG |
little to no increase during pregnancy (possibly due to hemodilution) |
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IgA |
decreases or remains stable during pregnancy |
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IgE |
minimal or no change during pregnancy |
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B-Lymphocytes are active in antibody-mediated immunity and T lymphocytes are active in __________ immunity. |
adaptive defense system |
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Killer T Cells |
specialize in killing virus-infected, cancer, foreign graft cells |
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Helper T Cells |
"directors"/"managers" of immune system circulate through body recruiting other cells to fight invaders |
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Suppressor T Cell (regulatory T cell) |
releases chemicals that suppresses activity of both T and B cells - vital for winding down/stopping immune response |
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allergies |
abnormally vigorous immune responses in which immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off perceived "threat" which is normally harmless |
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immunodeficiencies |
includes congenital and acquired conditions in which production or function of immune cells or complement is abnormal |
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autoimmune disease |
person's own immune system produces a disorder, body can't tell friend from foe and produces antibodies and T-cells that attack the body's own tissue |
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"immunological balancing act" during pregnancy |
Mother's immune system has to remain tolerant of potential major histocompatibility antigens and yet maintain normal immune competence for defense against microorganisms |