The Blood Vessels

Front 1

Arteries

Back 1

Blood flows away from heart

Front 2

Veins

Back 2

Blood flows toward heart

Front 3

Carry about 64% of the blood

Back 3

Veins

Front 4

Have the highest blood pressure

Back 4

Arteries

Front 5

Tunica Intima (Inner Layer)

Back 5

Endothelium, Basement membrane, and Elastic Fibers

Front 6

Tunica Media (Middle Layer)

Back 6

Smooth Muscle and Elastic Fibers

Front 7

Tunica Externa

Back 7

Collagen and Elastic Fibers

Front 8

Elastic Arteries

Back 8

-More elastic and less muscle tissue
-Larger Arteries such as Aorta
-Allow larger arteries to expand when receiving blood and recoil to push blood forward

Front 9

Muscular Arteries

Back 9

-More muscle and less elastic tissue
-Medium size
-Capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust the rate of blood flow through the vessel

Front 10

Arterioles

Back 10

-Small size
-Deliver blood to capillaries
-Smallest ones lose tunica externa
-Called resistance blood vessels b/c their vasoconstriction increases resistance, and their vasodilation (relaxation) decreases resistance to blood flow

Front 11

Capillaries

Back 11

-Microscopic Vessel - Form microcirculation
-Tubes of endothelium and basement membrane
-Connect arterioles to venules
-Function in exchange of substances with tissues
-Interconnect like a net to form capillary beds

Front 12

Continuous (Capillary)

Back 12

-Adjacent endothelial cells form tight fit
-Least permeable
-Most important in the brain

Front 13

Fenestrated (Capillary)

Back 13

-Pores (holes) through the endothelial cells
-Medium permeable
-Most important in the kidneys

Front 14

Sinusoids (Capillary)

Back 14

-Largest capillaries
-Large gaps between the endothelial cells
-Scant basement membranes
-Most permeable
-Most important in the liver

Front 15

Anastomoses

Back 15

Union of two or more arteries supplying the same body region

Front 16

Circle of Willis

Back 16

Underneath brain

Front 17

Coronary Circulation

Back 17

of the heart muscle

Front 18

Blood Pressure

Back 18

The force the blood exerts against vessel walls

Front 19

Blood Flow

Back 19

The amount of blood flowing through vessels per unit of time (mL per minute)

Front 20

Resistance to Blood Flow

Back 20

Produced as the blood encounters friction and turbulence against the vessel walls

Front 21

Increased Resistance

Back 21

Decreases blood flow

Front 22

Greatest Resistance

Back 22

Arterioles (Peripheral Resistance)

Front 23

Cardiac Output

Back 23

The amount of blood ejected by left ventricle in one minute

Front 24

Blood Volume

Back 24

Total amount of blood in body

Front 25

Factors Affecting Resistance

Back 25

-Diameter
-Viscosity of blood
-Length of vessels

Front 26

Systolic Pressure

Back 26

-Pressure in arteries when left ventricle is contracting
-Higher number on blood pressure reading

Front 27

Diastolic Pressure

Back 27

-Pressure in arteries when left ventricle is relaxing
-Lower number on blood pressure reading

Front 28

Pulse Pressure

Back 28

-Differnce in systolic and diastolic pressures or PP=SP-DP
-High during exercise, anxiety, influence of certain drugs and with hardening of arteries

Front 29

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

Back 29

-Single measure of arterial blood pressure

Front 30

Arterial Pressure Gradient

Back 30

-Differnce in arterial pressure from Aorta to capillaries
-Averages about 60 mmHg

Front 31

Capillary Pressure Gradient

Back 31

-Difference in pressure from arteriole to venule side of capillary bed
-Averages about 20 mmHg

Front 32

Venous Pressure Gradient

Back 32

-Difference in pressure from venules to Vena Cavae
-Averages about 16 mmHg

Front 33

Capillary Exchange

Back 33

Passage of water and solutes between capillary plasma and interstitial fluid

Front 34

Diffusion

Back 34

Movement of solute from high to low concentration

Front 35

Transcytosis

Back 35

Movement of large molecules across capillary cells by formation of pinocytotic vesicles

Front 36

Bulk Flow

Back 36

Filtration and Reabsorption

Front 37

Filtration

Back 37

Movement of fluid and solute from capillaries into interstitial fluid

Front 38

Reabsorption

Back 38

Movement of fluid and solute from interstitial fluid into capillaries

Front 39

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 39

The blood pressure that pushes fluid out of blood

Front 40

Blood Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

Back 40

A "suction" pressure that pulls fluid into blood

Front 41

Factor That Aid in Venous Return

Back 41

-Contraction of skeletal muscles squeeze veins and push blood towards the heart
-Breathing squeeze pulmonary vessels
-Venous valves prevent backflow of blood once it is squeezed past them

Front 42

Cardiovascular Centers

Back 42

(Cardioaccelerator, Cardioinhibitory & vasomotor centers in the medulla oblongata)

-Help Regulate heart rate and stroke volume
-specific neurons regulate vessel diameter
-Regulate by input from sensory receptors and output to heart

Front 43

Higher Brain Centers

Back 43

(Cerebral cortex, limbic system, the hypothalamus)

-anticipation of competition
-increase in body temperature

Front 44

Proprioceptors

Back 44

-In skeletal muscles and joints. Monitor physical activity or movement during exercise

Front 45

Baroreceptors

Back 45

-Monitor changes in pressure in blood vessels

Front 46

Chemoreceptors

Back 46

-Monitor concentration of chemicals in the blood

Front 47

Parasympathetic

Back 47

Decrease the heart rate

Front 48

Sympathetic

Back 48

Increase the heart rate and increase the heart muscle contraction force

Front 49

Sympathetic Vasomotor Nerves

Back 49

-Decreased stimulation produces dilation and decreased BP
-Increased stimulation produces constriction and increased BP
-Continual stimulation keeps arterioles in tonic contraction called vasomotor tone

Front 50

Aortic Reflex

Back 50

-Receptors in wall of ascending aorta
-Sensory input to cardiovascular center in medulla
-Maintains general systemic blood pressure

Front 51

Carotid Sinus Reflex

Back 51

-Receptors in carotid artery wall
-Sensory input to cardiovascular center in medulla
-Maintains normal blood pressure in the brain

Front 52

Carotid Bodies & Aortic Bodies

Back 52

-Detect changes in blood levels of (O2, CO2, and H+) - Hypoxia, hypercapnia, or acidosis
-Causes stimulation of cardiovascular center
-Increases sympathetic stimulation to heart and vessels
-Increase cardiac output and blood pressure
-Also increase breathing rates

Front 53

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Back 53

-Increases heart rate and force of contraction
-Causes vasoconstriction in skin and abdominal organs
-Vasodilation in cardiac and skeletal muscle

Front 54

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Back 54

-Decrease in BP or decreased blood flow to kidney
-Release of renin results in formation angiotensin II

Front 55

Angiotensin II

Back 55

Causes system vasoconstriction and causes release of aldosterone (H2O, and Na+ reabsorption)

Front 56

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Back 56

Causes vasoconstriction and water retention

Front 57

System Circulation

Back 57

From left ventricle into arteries and veins then back to right atrium

Front 58

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 58

From right ventricle into lungs then back to left atrium

Front 59

Coronary Circulation

Back 59

Blood supply to the heart muscle

Front 60

Splanchnic Circulation

Back 60

Gut, spleen, pancreas, and liver