The Endocrine System, The Blood, The Cardiovascular System

Front 1

Thyroid hormones are ___________?

Back 1

Amino acid derived

Front 2

In the cell membrane adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the second messenger activates the enzyme ________________.

Back 2

Protein Kinase A

Front 3

In the cell membrane adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the activated G protein activates the enzyme ___________________.

Back 3

Adenylate cyclase

Front 4

What second messenger of the Phospholipase C system opens Ca++ channels of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 4

IP3

Front 5

Oxytocin and ADH bind to what type of GPCR System?

Back 5

Phospholipase C-IP3/DAG

Front 6

A hormone that is synthesized and secreted in an inactive stated and then activated by target tissue enzymes (thyroxine is an example) is termed a (n) ________________.

Back 6

Prehormone

Front 7

The secretion of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine is controlled by Sympathetic Preganglionic nerve fibers. What type of control mechanism is involved?

Back 7

Neural

Front 8

What hypothalamic nuclei synthesize the hormones secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Back 8

Paraventricular and Supraoptic

Front 9

The secretion of PTH by the parathyroid glands is controlled by the blood [Ca++]. What type of mechanism is involved?

Back 9

Humoral

Front 10

The cell receptors for hormone binding may be located at each o the following locations in the cells : in the nucleus; bound to the cell membrane; in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Thyroid hormones bind to which receptors?

Back 10

Receptors in the nucleus.

Front 11

What type of feedback is described as inhibition of tropic hormone secretion, by the target tissue hormone, acting on either the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland?

Back 11

Long loop

Front 12

What type of feedback is described as the pituitary gland tropic hormone acts back on pituitary gland cells to inhibit secretion of the tropic hormone?

Back 12

Auto feedback

Front 13

The hormones of the anterior pituitary gland are each secreted by a specific cell type. Which specific cell type secretes the hormone Prolactin.

Back 13

Lactotrope

Front 14

Which specific cell type secretes Growth Hormone

Back 14

Somatotrope

Front 15

What hormone produces the condition Myxedema when the hormone is hyposecreted in adults?

Back 15

Thyroxine

Front 16

What hormones produce the condition Addison's Disease when the hormones are hyposecreted in adults?

Back 16

Cortisol and Aldosterone

Front 17

What hormone produces the condition Cushing's Syndrome when the hormone is hypersecreted in adults?

Back 17

Cortisol

Front 18

THS

Back 18

Stimulates secretion of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland.

Front 19

ACTH

Back 19

Stimulates secretion of Cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

Front 20

GH

Back 20

Stimulates secretion of somatomedins (IGFs) by liver cells.

Front 21

ADH

Back 21

Produces concentrated urine by stimulating water reabsorption by the kidney.

Front 22

Identify the hormone controlled by the given releasing/inhibiting hormomes.

CRH

Back 22

ACTH

Front 23

What effect does increases GH secretion have on liver cell glycogenolysis?

Back 23

Increase

Front 24

What effect would decreased blood [cortisol] have on ACTH secretion by the pituitary gland?

Back 24

Increase

Front 25

What effect does decreased aldosterone secretion have on kidney reabsorption of Na+?

Back 25

Decrease

Front 26

What effect does increased cortisol sevretion have on liver glycogenolysis?

Back 26

Increase

Front 27

What effect does insulin secretion have on uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle, liver cells, and adipose tissue?

Back 27

Increase

Front 28

What effect does glucagon have on gluconogenesis in liver cells?

Back 28

Increase

Front 29

What is the main nonprotein N component of plasma? This component is measured in the BUN blood test.

Back 29

Urea

Front 30

Which class of plasma protein is represented by antibodies?

Back 30

Gamma Globulins

Front 31

Most of the plasma proteins are synthesized by what organ?

Back 31

Liver

Front 32

In the control of erythrocyte production, the ________ sectetes the hormone _________ in resonse to hypoxia?

Back 32

Kidneys, erythropoeitin

Front 33

True/False: When molecular oxygen binds to Hb in the RBC, the iron atom of each Hume molecule normally oxidizes.

Back 33

False

Front 34

The term which describes an excessive number of erythrocytes (> 6 million per ul) in the blood is ____.

Back 34

Polycythemia

Front 35

What abnormal RBC type is seen with iron deficiency anemia?

Back 35

Microcytic, hypochromic

Front 36

What type of anemia is produced by a deficiency of vitamin B12?

Back 36

Pernicious

Front 37

What are the 2 families of glycoprotein growth factors which stimulate WBC production?

Back 37

Colony Stimulating factors and Interleukins

Front 38

Which leukocyte provides humoral and cellular immunity through specialized B cells and T cells, respectively?

Back 38

Lymphocyte

Front 39

Which leukocyte is referred to as a polymorphonuclear leukocyte and appears in high numbers at the site of inflammation?

Back 39

Neutrophil

Front 40

What are the cell line origins of leukemia?

Back 40

Myeloid or lymphoid cell lines.

Front 41

What is the chemichal signal molecule which stimulates thrombocyte production?

Back 41

Thrombopoeitin

Front 42

Clotting through the intrinsic pathways occurs ________ clotting which iccurs through the extrinsic pathways.

Back 42

Slower than

Front 43

How is a clot dissolved once it has formed?

Back 43

Converstion of Plasminogen to Plasmin

Front 44

What is the basic mechanism of action of the anticoagulant Coumadin?

Back 44

Inhibits vitamin K

Front 45

What clotting factor is decicient or inactive in the most common form of Hemophilia?

Back 45

VIII

Front 46

What is the most common ABO/Rh blood type?

Back 46

O positive

Front 47

Describe the basis for the hemolytic transfusion reaction.

Back 47

Donor RBCs agglutinate (clump) in the recipients blood and Recipient antibodies agglutinate donor RBCs.

Front 48

What antigents and antibodies are present in blood type O?

Back 48

H antigen, Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies.

Front 49

The flow of blood from the left side of the heart to the body and back to the right side of the heart is the ________.

Back 49

Systemic circuit

Front 50

Papillary muscles extend from the ventricular wall and anchor the __________ to the ventricular wall.

Back 50

Chordae tendine

Front 51

What are the main branches of the left coronary artery?

Back 51

Circumflex and anterior interventricular.

Front 52

Give the correct path taken by blood through the left side of the heart.

Back 52

Pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aorta SL valve -> aorta

Front 53

During the cardiac cycle, the ____ valve ______ (opens, closes) when the pressure in the right ventricle falls below the pressure in the right atrium.

Back 53

Tricuspid, opens

Front 54

Ventricular systole occurs in two phases. During the __________ phase, pressure rises in the left ventricule but blood is not ejected.

Back 54

Isovolumetric

Front 55

identify the correct sequence for the conduction of the action potential through the specialized conducting system of the heart.

Back 55

Sinoatrial Node -> Internodal pathway -> Atrioventricular Node -> Bundle of His (AV Bundle) -> Right and Left Bundle Branches -> Purkinje Fibers -> ventricular myocardium.

Front 56

The pacemaker of the heart is the ___________.

Back 56

SA Node

Front 57

Which component of the intrinsic conduction system has the highest conduction velocity?

Back 57

Right and Left Bundle Branches

Front 58

The second heart sound (S2) is due to closure of which heart valves?

Back 58

Semilunar

Front 59

Describe the effects of the sympathetic innervation of the heart.

Back 59

Increases heart rate and increases contractile force developed by the ventricular myocardium.

Front 60

What does the T wave of the electrocardiogram represent?

Back 60

Ventricular repolarization

Front 61

The primary factor which regulates vascular resistance (TPR) is __________.

Back 61

Vessel radius

Front 62

mean arterial pressure = cardiac output X __________.

Back 62

Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Front 63

What is the primary factor controlling velocity of blood flow when flow rate (Q) is constant?

Back 63

The cross-sectional area of the vessel.

Front 64

Vagus nerve stimulation of the heart would likely produce what effect?

Back 64

Bradycardia

Front 65

Which vascular component of the cardiovascular system provides the site for fluid exchange with the tissue fluids (interstitual fluids) of the body?

Back 65

Capillaries

Front 66

Mean arterial pressure increases when _________ increases.

Back 66

Heart rate
Stroke volume
Vascular resistance

Front 67

Blood flow in the venous system requires additional mechanisims to maintain flow due to the low pressure in veins. Which mechanisms assist venous return flow?

Back 67

Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory (Inspiratory) pump
One-way valves

Front 68

When mean arterial pressure is above normal, carotid and aortic baroreceptors __________ sensory signals to the vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata. The vasomotor center _________ the output of the sympathetic merves to the arterioles which causes the arterioles to _________. In addition, cardiac nerve impulses from the cardiac accelerator nerves to the heart __________.

Back 68

Increase, decrease, dilate, decrease.

Front 69

Long-term regulation of blood pressure is managed by hormonal regulatory mechanisms. For each of the given hormones identify the overall effect of the hormone's action as:

A. Increases blood pressure
B. Decreases blood pressure
C. Has no effect on blood pressure

Back 69

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone- B

Anti-Diuretic Hormone- A

Renin- A

Aldosterone- A