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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blood is a type of... |
Connective tissue |
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Formed elements of the blood include... |
Leukocytes Erythrocytes Platelets |
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The liquid portion of blood is... |
Plasma |
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Does this graph depict volume or pressure during the cardiac cycle? |
Volume |
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Does this graph depict volume or pressure during the cardiac cycle? |
Pressure |
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What is happening during the first phase of this cycle? |
Ventricular filling Atrial contraction |
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Erythrocytes normally constitute about _____ of the total volume of a blood sample. |
45% |
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Plasma constitutes _____ of whole blood. |
55% |
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The buffy coat makes up _____ of whole blood. It consists of _________. |
<1% Leukocytes and Platelets |
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Blood volume in adult males... |
5-6L |
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Blood volume in adult females... |
4-5L |
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3 basic components of the circulatory system that work to maintain homeostasis... |
Heart Blood vessels Blood |
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Normal RBC hematocrit for males... |
42-56% |
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Normal RBC hematocrit for females... |
38-46% |
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Blood is _____ more viscous than water. |
5x |
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The pH of blood is... which makes it ________. |
7.35-7.45 Slightly alkaline |
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The temperature of blood is... |
100°F |
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Blood transports |
Oxygen Wastes Hormones |
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Blood regulates... |
Body temperature Body fluid pH Body fluid volume |
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Blood protects the body by... |
Preventing blood loss Preventing infection |
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Dissolved solutes in blood plasma... |
Plasma proteins Nutrients Electrolytes Respiratory gases Hormones Wastes |
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Types of plasma proteins... |
Albumin Globulins Clotting proteins |
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What is the most abundant plasma protein? |
Albumin |
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Name two clotting proteins. Where are they produced? |
Prothrombin and Fibrinogen The Liver |
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Albumin function in the blood... |
Maintains plasma osmotic pressure Buffer Transport of steroids and bilirubin |
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Albumin is produced by... |
The Liver |
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These globulins transport lipids, metal ions and fat-soluble vitamins... |
Alpha and Beta globulins |
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These globulins are antibodies produced during the immune response... |
Gamma globulins |
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Globulins are produced in... |
The liver |
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Examples of nutrients in the blood... |
Amino acids Fatty acids Triglycerides Vitamins Cholesterol |
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Where does blood get its nutrients? |
Absorbed from the GI tract or body reserves |
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Examples of electrolytes found in blood... |
Calcium Potassium Sodium |
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Respiratory gases dissolved in blood... |
Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nitrogen |
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Types of wastes found in blood... |
(by products of cell metabolism) Urea, Uric acid, Ammonia, Creatinine, and Lactic acid |
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What is the function of buffers in the blood? |
They are chemicals that prevent fluctuations in plasma pH. |
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Hemoglobin _______ binds oxygen for quick pick up and easy release. |
Weakly |
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What gives blood its color? |
Red heme pigments |
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Globin consists of ___ polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own _____. |
Four Heme |
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Each heme contains one... |
Iron (Fe) atom |
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Each hemoglobin can transport _____ oxygen molecules. |
Four |
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When hemoglobin binds oxygen, it's called... |
Oxyhemoglobin |
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Once hemoglobin releases oxygen, it becomes... |
Deoxyhemoglobin |
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20% of blood's carbon dioxide is transported by combining with amino acids called ________. |
Carbaminohemoglobin |
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What is blood cell formation called? |
Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis |
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Hemopoiesis occurs in _____ bone marrow. |
Red |
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Adult red bone marrow is found in... |
Skull Ribs Vertebrae Sternum Pelvis Humerus Femur |
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All blood cells arise from... |
Hemocytoblasts |
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Red blood cell formation is called... |
Erythropoiesis |
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How many blood cells are produced per second? |
3 million |
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How long does erythropoiesis take? It requires ____ and ____. |
5 days Iron (Fe) and Vitamin B12 |
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The # of RBCs in blood is constant and maintained via ________. |
Negative feedback |
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The ______ releases the hormone _______ which controls the rate of erythropoiesis. |
Kidneys Erythropoietin |
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If blood oxygen levels ⬇️, the kidneys ___ erythropoietin release. |
Increase |
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What factors can cause kidney oxygen levels to change? |
Increase RBC # Increased altitude Increase aerobic activity Lung disease Cardiovascular disease |
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____ of circulating RBCs are removed daily. |
1% |
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________ phagocytize old and damaged RBCs in the ______ and _______. |
Macrophages Spleen and Liver |
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Lifespan of a RBC... |
120 days |
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During RBC removal, hemoglobin is broken down into its ______ and ______ portions. |
Globin Heme |
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During RBC ♻️/removal, the remainder of heme turns into ________, which is transported to the ________ by ________. |
Bilirubin Liver Albumin |
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Low WBC count= |
Leukopenia |
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High WBC count= |
Leukocytosis |
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Most WBCs are found in ________. |
Lymphatic organs |
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In an immune response, ______ perform _______ when they leave the bloodstream. |
WBCs Diapedesis |
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Attraction to/movement to chemicals released by pathogens, damaged cells, or WBCs is called... |
Positive chemotaxis |
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Low neutrophil count= |
Neutropenia |
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Attacks parasitic worms and lessens body's response to allergic reaction... |
Eosinophils |
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Count increases during acute bacterial infection... |
Neutrophils |
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Granules turn dark purple... |
Basophils |
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Release histamine and heparin; released during inflammation... |
Basophils |
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Count increases in viral infections... |
Lymphocytes |
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3 main types of Lymphocytes... |
T Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells |
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Attacks virus-infected and tumor cells, also controls the immune system... |
T Lymphocytes |
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Differentiates into plasma cells, which produce antibodies... |
B Lymphocytes |
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Function of Natural Killer cells... |
Kill virus- infected and tumor cells |
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Leaves the bloodstream to become macrophages... |
Monocytes |
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WBC formation... |
Leukopoiesis |
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Leukopoiesis occurs... |
Within red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues |
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Contain granules filled with chemicals involved in blood clotting... |
Platelets |
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Platelet formation is called... |
Thrombopoiesis |
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Platelet formation occurs in the ________, begins with _______ and is stimulated by a hormone called ________. |
Red bone marrow Hemocytoblasts Thrombopoietin |
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About 30% of platelets are stored in the _______. |
Spleen |
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3 events in hemostasis... |
Vascular Spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation
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Aggregation of platelets is a... |
Platelet plug |
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A platelet plug is restricted to the injury site because intact endothelial cells release... |
Prostacyclin (inhibits platelet aggregation) |
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Procoagulants... |
Initiate and stimulate the formation of a blood clot |
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Anticoagulants... |
Inhibit and impede the formation of a blood clot |
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A blood clot is... |
A fibrin mesh of RBCs, WBCs, and plasma |
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Fibrin is formed from the inactive plasma protein _________. This is catalyzed by ________. |
Fibrinogen Thrombin |
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Thrombin is formed from the inactive plasma protein _______. This is catalyzed by _______. |
Prothrombin Prothrombin Activator
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Two pathways in which prothrombin activator is formed.... |
Intrinsic Extrinsic |
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Extrinsic path= |
Starts with exposure of blood to chemicals released by damaged tissue. Has few steps and can form quickly |
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Intrinsic path= |
Starts with the release of chemicals by platelets in response to vessel damage. Has many steps, slower, yields tremendous amounts of PTA |
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Breakdown of the clot is called... |
Fibrinolysis |
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_______ digests fibrin following vessel repair. |
Plasmin |
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Following vessel repair, the inactive plasma protein _______ is converted into plasmin. |
Plasminogen |
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Fibrinolysis= After blood vessel repair➡️_______🔀_______ by ______ and plasmin digests _______. |
Plasminogen Plasmin Plasminogen Activator Fibrin
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Clots are restricted from growing too large by the removal of ________and the presence of normal _______. |
Clotting factors Anticoagulants |
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Coagulation can be promoted by a roughened vessel lining and by a ________ within vessels. |
Pooling of blood |
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Response to blood loss >10% of blood volume... |
Activates the SNS= vasoconstriction ⬆️heart rate ⬆️force of cardiac contraction ⬆️blood pressure (All maintains blood flow to the brain) |
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Arteries= |
Carry blood away from the heart |
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Veins= |
Carry blood towards the heart |
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Capillaries= |
Link arteries and veins Sites of exchange between blood and tissues |
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Positioned within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax |
The heart |
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_____ of the heart points towards the right shoulder |
The base |
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______ of the heart points towards the left hip. |
The apex |
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The ______ encloses the heart. |
Pericardium |
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Which cavity around the heart contains serous fluid? |
Pericardial cavity |
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Layers that enclose the heart from outermost to innermost... |
Fibrous pericardium Parietal serous pericardium Visceral serous pericardium (aka epicardium) |
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Which outer layer of the heart is continuous with the great vessels? |
Parietal and visceral layers |
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Pericardial cavity is the space between the ______ & ______ layers. |
Parietal Visceral |
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Two types of cardiac muscle cells... |
Contractile (99%) and Autorhythmic cells (1%) |
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Contractile cells function and structure... |
Generate the pumping force Striated, short and branched |
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Autorhythmic cells function... |
Spontaneously depolarize to set the rate of contraction |
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Intercalated discs link cardiac muscle cells together ______ and ______. |
Mechanically and electrically |
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Intercalated discs contain... |
Gap junctions Desmosomes |
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Desmosomes= |
Protein filaments that physically connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells...prevents cells from separating during contraction |
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Intrinsic control of heart rate is performed by the _______ cardiac muscle cells |
Autorhythmic |
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5 main groups of autorhythmic cells... |
Sinoatrial node AV node AV bundle Right and Left bundle branches Purkinje fibers |
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List the pathway of electrical conduction within the heart. |
Sinoatrial node AV node AV bundle Right and Left bundle branches Purkinje fibers
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A group of autorhythmic cells near the opening of the superior vena cava... |
Sinoatrial node |
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Group of autorhythmic cells in the inferior interatrial septum near the tricuspid orifice... |
AV node |
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Group of autorhythmic cells in the superior interventricular septum... |
AV bundle |
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Group of autorhythmic cells in the middle & inferior interventricular septum... |
Right and Left bundle branches |
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Separate autorhythmic cells that wind through the ventricles... |
Purkinje fibers |
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All autorhythmic cells have the ability to rhythmically and spontaneously_______. |
Depolarize |
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SA node cells have the fastest rate of _______ and are the _______ of the heart. |
Depolarization Pacemaker |
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Extrinsic control of heart rate is conducted by the _____ and_____ systems. |
Nervous Endocrine |
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The medulla oblongata contains 2 cardiac centers that can alter the heart's activity, they are... |
Cardioacceleratory center Cardioinhibitory center |
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The cardioacceleratory center projects to the heart via cardiac ________. |
Sympathetic nerves |
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Cardioinhibitory center projects to the heart via ______ neurons in the CNS. |
Parasympathetic |
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Releases NE upon the SA node, AV node, and ventricular myocardium. Increases contraction rate and force. |
Cardioacceleratory center |
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Releases Ach upon the SA node and AV nodes. Decreases heart rate, but causes no change in the heart's contractile strength. |
Cardioinhibitory center |
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At rest, both parasympathetic & sympathetic neurons are releasing neurotransmitters onto the heart, but the _________ branch releases more. |
Parasympathetic |
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During stress, exercise, and excessive heat, the ______ branch dominates. |
Sympathetic |
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"LUB" sound = |
Shutting of AV valves Occurs at onset of ventricular contraction |
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"DUP" sound = |
Shutting of the semi-lunar valves Occurs at the end of ventricular contraction |
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Cardiac cycle = |
Ventricular filling Isovolumetric contraction Ventricular ejection Isovolumetric relaxation |
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Ventricular Filling |
-LA bp is lower -LV bp is lower -so blood tries to backflow from Aorta & closes semi-lunar valve -Atrium & Ventricle are in diastole -80% of ventricular bl. volume enter in this passive manner -LA depolarizes + contracts, pushing the remaining 20% into the LV -LV now has max volume of blood for this cycle =EDV -For the rest of the cycle LA will be in diastole |
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Isovolumetric contraction |
-LV depolarizes & contracts, LV bp>LA bp -Mitral Valve closes - "LUB" -AV & semi-lunar valves are shut, blood volume is unchanging
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Ventricular ejection |
LV bp finally >Aortic bp Semi-lunar valve is forced open, 🅱️ LV➡️AA Not all of the 🅱️ LV is ejected, remaining amt is ESV (Amt 🅱️ ejected is Stroke Volume) |
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Isovolumetric relaxation |
-LV stops contracting, bp⬇️<Aortic bp & shuts semi-lunar valve... DUP -Takes time for LV bp⬇️<LA bp (AV & semi-lunar valves are closed, volume unchanging) -LV bp⬇️<LA bp and mitral valve opens ...cycle begins again |
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Is LV pressure greater than RV pressure? |
Yes |
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Is RV pressure greater than LV pressure? |
No |
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Do the RV and LV of the heart contract together? |
Yes |
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Do the RV and LV have identical stroke volumes? |
Yes |
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Cardiac output= |
Amount of 🅱️ pumped by each ventricle in one minute |
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CO = ____ x ____ |
HR x SV |
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During exercise, cardiac output ______ dramatically. |
Increases |
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Norepinephrine _____ heart rate. |
Increases |
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Increase in cardioacceleratory center activity _____ heart rate. |
Increases |
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Decrease in cardioinhibitory center activity _____ heart rate. |
Increases |
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Decrease in CAC _____ the heart rate. |
Decrease |
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Increase in Cardioinhibitory center activity ______ heart rate. |
Decreases |
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Epinephrine is released by the _______. |
Adrenal gland |
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Thyroxine _____ heart rate and released by the _______. |
Increases Thyroid Gland |
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Epinephrine ____ heart rate. |
Increases |
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Other factors that raise heart rate... |
⬆️body temp Caffeine Nicotine Ephedrine |
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Other factors decrease heart rate... |
⬇️body temp Beta blockers (drugs) |
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Regulation of SV depends on 3 variables... |
Preload Contractility Afterload |
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Effects of cardiovascular training... |
Increased LV contractility Increased size of LV chamber Increased branching of coronary blood vessels |
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Frank-Starling Law |
"What returns to the heart will get pumped out of the heart" |
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Contractility= |
Strength of the heart's contraction independent of its degree of stretch |
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Afterload= |
Pressure that must be overcome to open semi-lunar valve and eject blood |
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The fibrous skeleton is composed of... |
Dense Irregular CT within the heart |
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Supports heart valves and separates atria from ventricles physically and electrically... |
Fibrous skeleton of the heart |
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Provides origins and insertion points for cardiac contractile cells... |
Fibrous skeleton of the heart |
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During an infection, the size of the buffy coat will... |
Increase |
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During leukopenia, the body's ability to prevent bacterial infection will... |
Decrease |
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As the rate of RBC destruction increases, plasma (bilirubin) will... |
Increase |
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Ferritin function... |
Storage of iron in the liver |
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Erythropoiesis, Leukopoiesis, and Thrombopoiesis all occur in the... |
Red bone marrow |
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Smallest formed element... |
Platelet |
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Inability to secrete bile would cause a rise in plasma _________. |
Bilirubin levels |
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A deficiency in _____ could cause clotting problems. |
Calcium |
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A deficiency in _____ could cause anemia. |
Iron |
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PTA is produced quickly by the _____ clotting mechanism. |
Extrinsic |
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PTA is produced more slowly by the _____ clotting mechanism. |
Intrinsic |
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Which event associated with coagulation occurs last? |
Fibrinolysis |
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Which Leukocyte exerts the most control over the immune system? |
Lymphocytes |
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Shuttles iron to the liver... |
Transferrin |
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Bilirubin is formed from... |
Heme |
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In the liver, iron can be stored as... |
Hemosiderin |
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Erythropoiesis involves cells called... |
Hemocytoblasts |
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Coagulation in order... |
-Collagen is exposed -PTA formed -Thrombin from Prothrombin -Fibrin from Fibrinogen -Fibrinolysis |
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Fragments of cells known as megakaryocytes...in circulation for 10-12 days |
Platelets |
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Metal ion essential in virtually all stages of coagulation... |
Calcium |
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Platelet plug formation is a _____ feedback mechanism |
Positive |
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Bilirubin is transported to the blood by______. |
Albumin |
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Majority of RBC destruction occurs in the ______. |
Spleen |
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Interpret |
Volume and pressure |
