Speech Science Exam 2

Front 1

The esophagus is ___cm long in adults

Back 1

20cm

Front 2

The stomach holds...

Back 2

1 liter of food and/or liquid

Front 3

Upper and Lower Esophageal Sphincters have _____ pressure because of the tendency for lungs and chest wall to pull apart

Back 3

higher

Front 4

4 stages of swallowing

Back 4

1. Oral Prep Phase
2. Oral Transport Phase
3. Pharyngeal Transport Phase
4. Esophageal Transport Phase

Front 5

We usually swallow during ______

Back 5

expiration

Front 6

Thicker liquids take ______ to swallow

Back 6

longer

Front 7

First tongue movements are ______

Back 7

Horizontal

Front 8

First tongue movements are ______

Back 8

Horizontal

Front 9

Around 6 months, we add what kind of movements of the tongue?

Back 9

Up and down

Front 10

By 1 year, we add what kind of movements to the tongue?

Back 10

side to side

Front 11

Looks at the oral prep phase in a healthy person, SLP looks at penetration/timing of the movements, and a radiologist usually performs this

Back 11

Videoflouroscopy

Front 12

FEES

Back 12

Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing

Front 13

Sometimes difficult to see what is going on so we usually use colored dye in the food, SLP may perform depending on the state

Back 13

FEES

Front 14

Not used as much on swallowing, cannot detect aspiration, may be useful for training

Back 14

Ultrasound

Front 15

Usually used for esophageal function under direction of gastroenterologist

Back 15

Manometry

Front 16

What does patent mean?

Back 16

open

Front 17

Cavity from the palatal line to the nose exit

Back 17

Nasopharynx

Front 18

Cavity from the hyoid bone to the oral cavity

Back 18

Oropharynx

Front 19

Cavity from the base of the cricoid to the hyoid bone

Back 19

Larygopharynx

Front 20

Velum is the...

Back 20

soft palate + uvula

Front 21

Main muscle that closes the velum

Back 21

Levator veli palatini

Front 22

Muscle between the tongue and palate and makes up anterior faucial pillar. Tonsils are directly behind anterior.

Back 22

Glossopalatine

Front 23

Muscle behind glossopalatine and may make the posterior faucial pillars

Back 23

Pharygopalatine

Front 24

Velar closure moves like a .....

Back 24

knee bend, NOT A TRAP DOOR

Front 25

Closing the velum is muscles _____passive forces

Back 25

overcoming

Front 26

Opening the velum is muscles _______ passive forces

Back 26

with the help of

Front 27

We have ____ resistance in the velopharyngeal port and inside the nose because it gets narrower

Back 27

more

Front 28

Opposition to movement

Back 28

resistance

Front 29

Movement of the velum up in knee bend and movement in of the posterior pharyngeal wall

Back 29

Circular closure

Front 30

Velum is major participant so we don't see much movement of the pharyngeal wall

Back 30

Coronal Closure

Front 31

Active dilation of the external valves of the nose occurs during _______

Back 31

inhalation

Front 32

Internal valve of the nose becomes larger during ______ and smaller during ______

Back 32

inspiration/expiration

Front 33

It is ___ times greater effort to breathe through the nose than through the mouth

Back 33

3 times

Front 34

controls the balance between the oral and nasal cavities and the atmosphere

Back 34

Velopharyngeal Function

Front 35

velopharyngeal port is closed and acoustic and aeromechanical energy are channeled through the oral cavity

Back 35

Oral Sounds

Front 36

velopharyngeal port is open adn acoustic and aeromechanical energy are channeled through the nasal cavity

Back 36

Nasal sounds

Front 37

velum moves _____ and ____ in anticipation of vowel production

Back 37

up and back

Front 38

airtight closure of the velum is most likely to occur in _____ vowels

Back 38

high

Front 39

lack of closure of the velopharyngeal port for consonants results in.....

Back 39

unintelligibility

Front 40

TRUE/FALSE. It is easier to breathe through your nose than your mouth

Back 40

FALSE

Front 41

TRUE/FALSE. Sound travels the easiest way through lowest impedence.

Back 41

TRUE

Front 42

For nasal sounds the velum is.....

Back 42

down and open

Front 43

Airtight velopharyngeal closure is more likely to occur in....

Back 43

high vowels

Front 44

TRUE/FALSE. There is no evidence of nasal muscle activity assisting in VPN function during speech production

Back 44

FALSE

Front 45

position and movement for two or more speech sounds occur simultaneously or overlapping

Back 45

coarticulation

Front 46

Who did the acoustic study?

Back 46

Hutchinson

Front 47

Who did the aeromechanical study?

Back 47

Hoit

Front 48

velar elevation is ____ as high for men

Back 48

twice

Front 49

observe air flow and/or pressure. Pneumotachometer measures nasal air flow

Back 49

Aeromechanical measurement

Front 50

Nasometer, picture is inaccurate, plate separates nose from the mouth

Back 50

Acoustic measurement

Front 51

problems with structure or function of velopharyngeal mechanism

Back 51

Organic disorder

Front 52

problem that is a habit of usage (learned behavior)

Back 52

Functional disorder

Front 53

TRUE/FALSE. The articulatory structures including the VPN make separate and independent movements for each speech sound

Back 53

FALSE

Front 54

TRUE/FALSE. The configuration of the velopharyngeal port observed visually or in the acoustic signal. may contain evidence of coarticulation

Back 54

TRUE

Front 55

TRUE/FALSE. The body's orientation in space does not affect VPN function or velopharyngeal competence.

Back 55

FALSE

Front 56

TRUE/FALSE. VPN becomes more precise from childhood into adulthood

Back 56

TRUE

Front 57

Regarding the relationship between age and VPN function...

Back 57

there is no evidence to support that with increased senescence there is a deterioration of VPN function related to speech production.

Front 58

TRUE/FALSE. The difference between a man and woman regarding VPN function definitely makes a functional difference

Back 58

FALSE

Front 59

An endoscope (nasendoscopy) can be used as a direct visualization of....

Back 59

both the structures and function of the VPN system

Front 60

TRUE/FALSE. A nasometer is an instrument to measure VPN function aeromechanically

Back 60

FALSE

Front 61

Phonation results from the....

Back 61

opening and closing of the vocal folds

Front 62

vocal folds convert _______ energy of lungs into ______ energy (converting air pressure into sound)

Back 62

aeromechanical to acoustic

Front 63

What muscle are we relaxing when doing a laryngeal massage?

Back 63

Cricothyroid

Front 64

Thyroarytenoids (vocal folds) are made up of two parts...

Back 64

Thyromuscularis and Thyrovocalis

Front 65

What muscle is responsible for the abduction of the vocal folds?

Back 65

Posterior Cricoarytenoids (PCA)

Front 66

What muscles close the vocal folds?

Back 66

Lateral cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoids, oblique arytenoids

Front 67

The only muscle that is unpaired

Back 67

Transverse arytenoids

Front 68

Tensors

Back 68

Cricothyroid and Thyrovocalis

Front 69

Relaxor

Back 69

Thyromuscularis

Front 70

draws tongue and hyoid forward

Back 70

geniohyoid

Front 71

elevates and retracts hyoid

Back 71

stylohyoid

Front 72

The vocal folds are composed of...

Back 72

Epithelium, lamina propria, thyroarytenoid muscle

Front 73

What are the layers of the lamina propria?

Back 73

Superficial, Intermediate, deep

Front 74

vocal fold elongation when the muscles contract

Back 74

Cricothyroid joint

Front 75

vocal fold abduction and adduction

Back 75

cricoarytenoid joint

Front 76

Maximal length change up to ____ % of resting length

Back 76

25

Front 77

Johannes Muller

Back 77

Myoelastic aerodynamic theory of voice production

Front 78

Husson

Back 78

Neurochronaxic theory

Front 79

van den Berg

Back 79

vocal folds set into vibration by Bernoulli effect

Front 80

We adduct the vocal folds ____ to get them vibrating and then it keeps going due to the Bernoulli effect

Back 80

ONCE

Front 81

as fluid goes faster, the pressure _______

Back 81

decreases

Front 82

through a constriction, the velocity of the flow ______, causing a decrease in pressure

Back 82

increases

Front 83

fluids accelerate through a narrowed area

Back 83

Venturi effect

Front 84

physical properties of vocal folds, particularly _____, _______, and _________

Back 84

elasticity, mass per unit length, and tension/stiffness

Front 85

the more stretched out the vocal folds, the ____ mass there is per unit area

Back 85

less

Front 86

force used to elongate the vocal folds; the result of the pulling force exerted upon the vocal folds and their resistance to that force

Back 86

tension

Front 87

the vocal folds open and close from

Back 87

bottom to top

Front 88

coupling of the aerodynamic forces with the physical properties of vocal fold tissue

Back 88

Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory

Front 89

refers to the elastic resistance and the ease with which it returns to its original shape

Back 89

viscoelasticity

Front 90

for voice production, subglottal pressure must be ______ than supraglottal pressure

Back 90

greater

Front 91

relative difference between the pressure above and below the vocal folds (driving pressure that blows the vocal folds open)

Back 91

Transglottal pressure differential

Front 92

vocal folds open and close.....

Back 92

anterior to posterior

Front 93

volume of air flowing through the glottis during phonation

Back 93

glottal volume velocity

Front 94

It takes _____ subglottal pressure to start phonation than it does to sustain phonation

Back 94

More

Front 95

complete adduction and exhalation are simultaneous

Back 95

Gentle Onset

Front 96

exhalation before adduction

Back 96

Breathy Onset

Front 97

firm adduction before exhalation

Back 97

Glottal Attack Onset

Front 98

equals duration from the onset of sound to the moment at which the amplitude of the acoustic wave reaches a steady-state

Back 98

Vocal Rise Time

Front 99

Phonatory control is only for....

Back 99

voiced consonants and vowels

Front 100

TRUE/FALSE. The Bernoulli effect is responsible for the initial adduction of the vocal folds

Back 100

FALSE

Front 101

Vocal fold adduction uses the....

Back 101

transverse arytenoids

Front 102

vocal folds approximate during speech because of ___ air pressure behind the vocal folds than ahead of the vocal folds

Back 102

higher

Front 103

The M-A model implies that...

Back 103

both air flow and muscle effects drive phonation

Front 104

Vocal folds open from....

Back 104

top to bottom

Front 105

Vocal folds close...

Back 105

front to back

Front 106

Men tend to have ___, _____ vocal folds. Natural frequency around 115 Hz

Back 106

longer, more massive

Front 107

Children have ____, _____ vocal folds. 300 Hz

Back 107

shorter, less massive

Front 108

Women are in between with a frequency of ____

Back 108

215 Hz

Front 109

the shorter, less massive, and more tense the vocal folds=

Back 109

higher frequency

Front 110

Whose vocal folds will vibrate faster naturally? children/women/men

Back 110

children

Front 111

use cover dominant vibration, vibrating the cover of the vocal folds more than I am vibrating the body. Cricothyroid contracts.

Back 111

Increase fundamental frequency

Front 112

body plus cover vibration, thyroarytenoid contracts.

Back 112

Decreased fundamental frequency

Front 113

Increase the fundamental frequency by contracting the ______

Back 113

cricothyroid

Front 114

Decrease the fundamental frequency by contracting the _____

Back 114

thyroarytenoid

Front 115

the regulator of loudness

Back 115

subglottal pressure

Front 116

the greater the subglottal pressure, the ____ the stretch on the vocal folds

Back 116

greater

Front 117

At a low fundamental frequency, change to high fundamental frequency...contract TA/contract CT

Back 117

contract CT

Front 118

At a medium F0, lower the pitch...
a. relax CT, contract TA
b. contract CT, contract TA
c. relax CT, relax TA

Back 118

relax CT and contract TA

Front 119

get louder at whatever pitch....
a. increase CT tension
b. decrease CT tension
c. increase Psub
d. increase Psupra

Back 119

Increase Psub

Front 120

power per unit area, square of amplitude of sound pressure wave

Back 120

Intensity

Front 121

_____ often have a posterior gap so vocal folds don't close completely

Back 121

Women

Front 122

most often used register-men at 90-450 Hz and women at 150-520 Hz

Back 122

Modal (chest)

Front 123

lowest register-men and women at 35-50 Hz

Back 123

glottal fry

Front 124

faster than ____ Hz is heard as a continuous sound

Back 124

70

Front 125

frequencies above modal register

Back 125

falsetto

Front 126

degree of regularity

Back 126

Perturbation

Front 127

cycle to cycle variability in frequency

Back 127

Jitter

Front 128

cycle to cycle variability in amplitude

Back 128

Shimmer